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单词 獨
释义

獨

See also: 独
獨 U+7368, 獨
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7368
← 獧
[U+7367]		CJK Unified Ideographs獩 →
[U+7369]

Translingual

Japanese独
Simplified独
Traditional獨

Han character

獨 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 大竹田中戈 (KHWLI), four-corner 46227, composition ⿰犭蜀)

References

  • KangXi: page 719, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20725
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1130, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1372, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+7368

Chinese

trad.獨
simp.独

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 獨
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (蜀) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
襡*toːʔ, *toːɡs, *doːʔ, *doːɡ, *djoɡ
噣*toːɡs, *tuɡs, *rtoːɡ, *tjoɡ
斣*toːɡs
歜*sdoːmʔ, *tʰjoɡ
斀*rtoːɡ
孎*rtoːɡ, *toɡ
濁*rdoːɡ
鐲*rdoːɡ, *zroːɡ, *djoɡ
鸀*rdoːɡ, *tjoɡ
擉*sʰroːɡ
獨*doːɡ
髑*doːɡ
韣*doːɡ, *tjoɡ, *djoɡ
斸*toɡ
钃*toɡ
欘*toɡ
躅*doɡ
蠋*doɡ, *tjoɡ
燭*tjoɡ
囑*tjoɡ
矚*tjoɡ
屬*tjoɡ, *djoɡ
属*tjoɡ, *djoɡ
蠾*tjoɡ, *djoɡ
觸*tʰjoɡ
臅*tʰjoɡ
觕*sʰlaː, *zlaːʔ, *tʰjoɡ
蜀*djoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *doːɡ) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): dú (du2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ
    (Chengdu, SP): du2
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дў (dw, I)
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): duk6
  • Gan (Wiktionary): tuh7
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): thu̍k
    (Meixian, Guangdong): tug6
  • Jin (Wiktionary): dueh5
  • Min Bei (KCR): dŭ
  • Min Dong (BUC): dṳ̆k
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): ta̍k / to̍k
    (Teochew, Peng'im): dag8 / dog8
  • Wu (Wiktionary): doq (T5)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): dou6
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: dú
      • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: dú
      • Wade–Giles: tu2
      • Yale: dú
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwu
      • Palladius: ду (du)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tu³⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: du2
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: du
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tu²¹/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дў (dw, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tu²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: duk6
      • Yale: duhk
      • Cantonese Pinyin: duk9
      • Guangdong Romanization: dug6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʊk̚²/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: tuh7
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tʰuʔ²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k
      • Hakka Romanization System: tug
      • Hagfa Pinyim: tug6
      • Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: tug6
      • Sinological IPA: /tʰʊk̚⁵/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: dueh5
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuəʔ⁵⁴/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dŭ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tu²⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: dṳ̆k
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tyʔ⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ta̍k / to̍k
      • Tâi-lô: ta̍k / to̍k
      • Phofsit Daibuun: dak, dok
      • IPA (Xiamen): /tak̚⁴/, /tɔk̚⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /tak̚²⁴/, /tɔk̚²⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tak̚¹²¹/, /tɔk̚¹²¹/
      • IPA (Taipei): /tak̚⁴/, /tɔk̚⁴/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tak̚⁴/, /tɔk̚⁴/
Note:
  • ta̍k - vernacular;
  • to̍k - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: dag8 / dog8
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ta̍k / to̍k
      • Sinological IPA (key): /tak̚⁴/, /tok̚⁴/
Note:
  • dag8 - vernacular;
  • dog8 - literary.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: doq (T5)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /d̥ʊʔ¹²/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: dou6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /təu²⁴/
  • Middle Chinese: /duk̚/
Rime
Character獨
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)定 (7)
Final (韻)東 (3)
Tone (調)Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)I
Fanqie徒谷切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/duk̚/
Pan
Wuyun		/duk̚/
Shao
Rongfen		/duk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/dəwk̚/
Li
Rong		/duk̚/
Wang
Li		/duk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		/dʱuk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		dú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		duk6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤok/
    (Zhengzhang): /*doːɡ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character獨
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		dú
Middle
Chinese		‹ duwk ›
Old
Chinese		/*[d]ˁok/
Englishalone; only

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character獨
Reading #1/1
No.11818
Phonetic
component		蜀
Rime
group		屋
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		獨
Old
Chinese		/*doːɡ/

Definitions

獨

  1. alone; single; solitary
    獨自／独自  ―  dúzì  ―  by oneself
    獨奏／独奏  ―  dúzòu  ―  solo
    • 莫見乎隱，莫顯乎微。故君子慎其獨也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      莫见乎隐，莫显乎微。故君子慎其独也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
      Mò jiàn hū yǐn, mò xiǎn hū wēi. Gù jūnzǐ shèn qí dú yě. [Pinyin]
      There is nothing more visible than what is secret, and nothing more manifest than what is minute. Therefore the superior man is watchful over himself, when he is alone.
    • 膾炙所同也，羊棗所獨也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      脍炙所同也，羊枣所独也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
      Kuàizhì suǒ tóng yě, yángzǎo suǒ dú yě. [Pinyin]
      For mince and broiled meat there is a common [liking], while that for sheep-dates was peculiar.
    • 無卿相輔佐足任使者，謂之獨。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      无卿相辅佐足任使者，谓之独。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
      Wú qīngxiàng fǔzuǒ zú rènshǐ zhě, wèi zhī dú. [Pinyin]
      If he has no premier, prime minister, counselors, or assistants who can be given responsibilities, then he is called 'alone.'"
  2. the old and childless
  3. only
    不獨／不独  ―  bùdú  ―  not only
    唯獨／唯独  ―  wéidú  ―  only; all except
  4. (literary) Indicates a rhetorical question: is it possible that...
    Synonyms: 豈／岂 (qǐ), 寧／宁 (nìng)
    • 子獨不見狸狌乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      子独不见狸狌乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
      Zǐ dú bù jiàn lí shēng hū? [Pinyin]
      Have you not seen a wildcat or a weasel?
  5. (in compounds) separatism
    謀獨／谋独  ―  móudú  ―  to plot / scheme for independence
    港獨／港独  ―  Gǎngdú  ―  Hong Kong Independence Movement
    臺獨／台独  ―  Táidú  ―  Taiwan Independence Movement

Compounds

Derived terms from 獨

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (獨):
  • → Japanese: 独(どく) (doku); 独(とく) (toku)
  • → Korean: 독(獨) (dok)
  • → Vietnamese: độc (獨)

Japanese

Shinjitai

独

Kyūjitai

獨

Kanji

獨

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 独)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

  • Go-on: どく (doku)
  • Kan-on: とく (toku)
  • Kun: ひとり (hitori, 獨り)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 獨 (MC duk̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448똑〮 (Yale: ttwók)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527호을 (Yale: hwòùl)독〮 (Yale: twók)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [to̞k̚]
  • Phonetic hangul: [독]

Hanja

Wikisource獨 (eumhun 홀로 독 (hollo dok))

  1. Hanja form? of 독 (“alone”). [affix]

Compounds

Compounds
  • 독립 (獨立, dongnip)
  • 고독 (孤獨, godok)
  • 단독 (單獨, dandok)
  • 독거 (獨居, dokgeo)
  • 독백 (獨白, dokbaek)
  • 독신 (獨身, doksin)
  • 독일 (獨逸, dogil)
  • 독재 (獨裁, dokjae)
  • 독점 (獨占, dokjeom)
  • 독창 (獨創, dokchang)
  • 독특 (獨特, dokteuk)
  • 독학 (獨學, dokhak)

Proper noun

Hanja in this term
獨

獨 • (Dok) (hangeul 독)

  1. (in news headlines) Short for 獨(독)逸(일) (Dogil, “(South Korea) Germany”).

Usage notes

A common convention in news headlines, this is almost always written solely in the Hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any Hanja.

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

獨: Hán Nôm readings: độc, dọc

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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