猿

See also: 猨

猿	U+733F, 猿 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-733F

← 猾
[U+733E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

獀 →
[U+7340]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

猿 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 大竹土口女 (KHGRV), four-corner 4423₂, composition ⿰犭袁)

References

KangXi: page 716, character 19

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20584

Dae Jaweon: page 1128, character 9

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1361, character 15

Unihan data for U+733F

Chinese

simp. and trad.		猿
2nd round simp.		𤝌
alternative forms		猨蝯𤠔𪻅

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (袁) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
薳	*ɢʷalʔ
袁	*ɢʷan
園	*ɢʷan
轅	*ɢʷan
猿	*ɢʷan
榬	*ɢʷan
溒	*ɢʷan
遠	ɢʷanʔ, ɢʷans

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷan) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/g-woj-n (“monkey”).

Alternatively, the root may be Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *swaaʔ (“monkey”) (Schuessler, 2007); compare also Proto-Mon-Khmer *kwaɲ ~ kwaaɲʔ.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yuán (yuan²)
(Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yèn / yàn
Min Dong (BUC): uòng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): oân
(Teochew, Peng'im): uang⁵ / uêng⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): hhyoe (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
  - Wade–Giles: yüan²
  - Yale: ywán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
  - Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɥɛn³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jyun⁴
  - Yale: yùhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jyn⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yun⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyːn²¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yèn
  - Hakka Romanization System: ienˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yan²
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàn
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)ianˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yan²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /uoŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oân
  - Tâi-lô: uân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: oaan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /uan²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /uan²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /uan¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /uan²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /uan²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: uang⁵ / uêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: uâng / uêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /uaŋ⁵⁵/, /ueŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

uang5 - Shantou;
uêng5 - Chaozhou.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhyoe (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦyø²³/

Middle Chinese: /ɦʉɐn/

Rime
Character	猿
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	雨元切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʉɐn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷiɐn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiuɐn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦuan/
Li Rong	/ɣiuɐn/
Wang Li	/ɣĭwɐn/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯wɐn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyun⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷan/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	猿
Reading #	1/1
No.	16223
Phonetic component	袁
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	袁
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷan/
Notes	俗猨字見山海經

Definitions

猿

ape

Compounds

人猿
人猿泰山
人猿科
吼猿
巨猿
狐媚猿攀
猿人 (yuánrén)
猿狖
猿猴 (yuánhóu)
猿猴取月
猿科
猿臂

白猿
元謀猿人／元谋猿人
心猿意馬／心猿意马 (xīnyuányìmǎ)
意馬心猿／意马心猿
拉瑪猿／拉玛猿
檻猿籠鳥／槛猿笼鸟
猿穴壞山／猿穴坏山
猿腸寸斷／猿肠寸断
猿鶴沙蟲／猿鹤沙虫
猿鶴蟲沙／猿鹤虫沙
白猿傳／白猿传
窮猿失木／穷猿失木

窮猿奔林／穷猿奔林
窮猿投林／穷猿投林
籠鳥檻猿／笼鸟槛猿
縱放心猿／纵放心猿
藍田猿人／蓝田猿人
虎體猿臂／虎体猿臂 (hǔ tǐ yuán bì)
虛引猿泣／虚引猿泣
蟲沙猿鶴／虫沙猿鹤
調弓號猿／调弓号猿
豹頭猿臂／豹头猿臂 (bàotóuyuánbì)
長臂猿／长臂猿 (chángbìyuán)
類人猿／类人猿 (lèirényuán)

Japanese

Kanji

猿

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

monkey

Readings

Go-on: おん (on)^{←をん (won, historical)}
Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)^{←ゑん (wen, historical)}
Kun: さる (saru, 猿, Jōyō); まし (mashi, 猿); ましら (mashira, 猿ら)
Nanori: さ (sa); さる (saru); さわ (sawa)

Etymology 1

猿 (saru, mashi, mashira): a monkey, specifically a Japanese macaque.

Kanji in this term
猿
さる Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.

Ultimate derivation possibly borrowed from Ainu サロ (saro, “monkey”, from サㇻ (sar, “a tail”) + オ (o, “to bear, to wear, to carry”)).[1]

The kanji is from Chinese 猿 (“ape”). Compare Japanese 猪 (inoshishi, “boar”) from Chinese 猪 (“pig”) and Japanese 豚 (buta, “pig”) from Chinese 豚 (“suckling pig”).

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) さる [sáꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
IPA^(key): [sa̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

猿(さる) • (saru) (counter 匹)

a monkey (primate)
- 1079, Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi (page 10 (back))
  猕猴二字合訓佐流
  (please add an English translation of this quote)
Short for 日本猿 (Nihonzaru, “Japanese macaque”).
(loosely) an ape (animal)
- 1988 July 30 [Jul 25 1984], Fujiko F. Fujio, “世(せ)界(かい)名(めい)作(さく)童(どう)話(わ)第(だい)３(さん)巻(かん) うらしま太(た)郎(ろう) [World’s Renowned Fairy Tales Book 3: Urashima Tarō]”, in ポストの中の明日 [Post-Mid-Tomorrow] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 2), volume 2 (fiction), 10th edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 117:
  地(ち)球(きゅう)は、サルのわく星(せい)になっていましたとさ。
  Chikyū wa, saru no wakusei ni natte imashita to sa.
  Meanwhile, Earth became the Planet of the Apes.

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as サル.

Derived terms

日(ニ)本(ホン)猿(ザル) (Nihonzaru)
狐(キツネ)猿(ザル) (kitsunezaru)
猿(さる)も木(き)から落(お)ちる (saru mo ki kara ochiru)
申(さる) (saru)

Descendants

→ Yami: sazo

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
猿
まし Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, used phonetically to spell the sound /masi/.

Ultimate derivation unknown.

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) まし [máꜜshì] (Atamadaka – [1])[3]
IPA^(key): [ma̠ɕi]

Noun

猿(まし) • (mashi)

(archaic, possibly obsolete) a monkey

Usage notes

This form seems to be used less often than mashira below.

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
猿
ましら Grade: S
kun’yomi

Derived from earlier mashi form above. Found in texts from the early 1900s, possibly earlier. Appears to be mashi + the pluralizing and genericizing suffix ら (ra).

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) ましら [màshírá] (Heiban – [0])[2][3]
(Tokyo) ましら [máꜜshìrà] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
IPA^(key): [ma̠ɕiɾa̠]

Noun

猿(ましら) • (mashira)

(archaic) a monkey

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
猿
えん Grade: S
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 猿 (MC ɦʉɐn).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on

IPA^(key): [ẽ̞ɴ]

Affix

猿(えん) • (en) ^{←ゑん (wen)^?}

monkey

Derived terms

猿(えん)臂(ぴ) (enpi): a monkey's elbow; someone skilled at archery
類(るい)人(じん)猿(えん) (ruijin'en): an anthropoid

References

John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎, Tokyo; London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co.
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Tsukishima, Hiroshi (1079) Kojisho Ongi Shūsei 12: Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Kyūko Shoin, published 1979, →ISBN.

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 猿 (MC ɦʉɐn). Recorded as Middle Korean 𫞤 (𫞤)/원 (wen) (Yale: wen) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource猿 (eumhun 원숭이 원 (wonsung'i won))

Hanja form^? of 원 (“ape”).

Compounds

견원 (犬猿, gyeonwon)
원인 (猿人, wonin, “apeman; prehistoric man”)
유인원 (類人猿, yuinwon, “anthropoid”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

猿: Hán Nôm readings: viên, vượn, ươi

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

Nôm: viên, vượn

References

Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville

[BAT-1] John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎, Tokyo; London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co.

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-3] 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN