物化

物化

Chinese

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wùhuà

  (Zhuyin): ㄨˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mat⁶ faa³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wùhuà
    • Zhuyin: ㄨˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wùhuà
    • Wade–Giles: wu⁴-hua⁴
    • Yale: wù-hwà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuhhuah
    • Palladius: ухуа (uxua)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u⁵¹⁻⁵³ xwä⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: mat⁶ faa³
    • Yale: maht fa
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mat⁹ faa³
    • Guangdong Romanization: med⁶ fa³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐt̚² faː³³/

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• Middle Chinese: /mɨut̚  hˠua^H/

Rime
Character	物	化
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	文 (60)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	文弗切	呼霸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨut̚/	/hˠuaH/
Pan Wuyun	/miut̚/	/hʷᵚaH/
Shao Rongfen	/miuət̚/	/xuaH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mut̚/	/hwaɨH/
Li Rong	/miuət̚/	/xuaH/
Wang Li	/mĭuət̚/	/xwaH/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯uət̚/	/xwaH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wù	huà
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mat6	faa3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.mut  qʷʰˤ<r>aj-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mɯd  hŋʷraːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	物	化
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wù	huà
Middle Chinese	‹ mjut ›	‹ xwæH ›
Old Chinese	/*C.mut/	/*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
English	thing	transform
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	物	化
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13218	5327
Phonetic component	勿	化
Rime group	物	歌
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	物	化
Old Chinese	/*mɯd/	/*hŋʷraːls/

Etymology 1

		thing; object; matter	to change
trad. (物化)		物	化
simp. #(物化)		物	化

Verb

物化

1. (literary, figurative, euphemistic) to pass away

Synonyms

edit

Synonyms of 物化

上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic) 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic) 下世 (xiàshì) (formal) 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic) 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic) 亡故 (wánggù) (literary) 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic) 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic) 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial) 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks) 即世 (jíshì) (literary) 去世 (qùshì) 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic) 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, derogatory) 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous) 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic) 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic) 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.) 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.) 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic) 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic) 故 (gù) 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders) 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders) 早死 (zǎosǐ) 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative) 死 (sǐ) 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal) 死人 (sǐrén) 死去 (sǐqù) (informal) 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal) 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific) 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic) 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness) 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness) 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly) 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials) 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords) 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic) 走去踮 (Min Nan, euphemistic) 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes) 逝世 (shìshì) 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic) 仙遊／仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic) 傾世／倾世 (qīngshì) (literary) 傾亡／倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary) 凋謝／凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)

喪亡／丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary) 喪命／丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic) 喪生／丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic) 嗚呼／呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic) 嚥氣／咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial) 圓寂／圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns) 壽終正寢／寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (literary, euphemistic) 小喇叭兒吹了／小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing) 就義／就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr) 掛／挂 (guà) (slang, humorous) 斃命／毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative) 晏駕／晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.) 棄世／弃世 (qìshì) (literary) 歸天／归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic) 歸西／归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic) 歸道山／归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic) 死翹翹／死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous) 死脫／死脱 (Wu) 殞／殒 (yǔn) (archaic) 氣絕／气绝 (qìjué) (literary) 沒世／没世 (mòshì) (literary) 畢命／毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic) 百年歸老／百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly) 盡命／尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic) 終／终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic) 絕／绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds) 翹辮子／翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous) 被難／被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.) 見背／见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders) 見閻王／见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative) 賓天／宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.) 辭世／辞世 (císhì) (literary) 進棺材／进棺材 (jìn guāncái) 過世／过世 (guòshì) 過去／过去 (guòqù) (euphemistic) 過往／过往 (Min Nan, euphemistic) 過身／过身 (guòshēn) (literary) 過面／过面 (Min Nan) 長山賣鴨卵／长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic) 長眠／长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific) 閉眼／闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic) 隕落／陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic) 離世／离世 (líshì) (euphemistic) 駕崩／驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.) 駕鶴西去／驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic) 駕鶴西遊／驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic) 龍馭上賓／龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)

Noun

物化

1. (literary) change of things
2. (literary, figurative, euphemistic) death

Etymology 2

		thing; object; matter	-ize
trad. (物化)		物	化
simp. #(物化)		物	化

Verb

物化

1. (sociology, psychology) to objectify; reify

Synonyms

• 客體化／客体化 (kètǐhuà)
• 對象化／对象化 (duìxiànghuà)

Etymology 3

		physics	chemistry
trad. (物化)		物	化
simp. #(物化)		物	化

Noun

物化

1. Short for 物理化學／物理化学 (wùlǐ huàxué, “physical chemistry”).