牙
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
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Han character
牙 (Kangxi radical 92, 牙+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一女木竹 (MVDH), four-corner 10240, composition ⿹⿻𠃋丁丿)
- Kangxi radical #92, ⽛.
- Shuowen Jiezi radical №39
Derived characters
- Appendix:Chinese radical/牙
- 伢, 冴, 呀, 𡉪, 𫰎, 岈, 㤉, 㧎, 𣲨, 犽, 迓, 枒, 𤆹, 玡, 砑, 䄰, 𧘪, 𦕆, 蚜, 𧠖,𧣐, 訝(讶), 谺, 𬦤, 釾(䥺), 颬, 𮐍, 𩨠, 𩶀(𬶅), 齖(𬹺)
- 𠚾, 𠡁, 邪, 𮗍, 雅, 䪵, 鴉(鸦), 𪖕, 𢗬, 𥁆, 𭓟, 𡵥, 芽, 穿, 䍓, 笌, 厊, 庌, 疨, 𭯲, 閕, 衺
References
- KangXi: page 695, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19909
- Dae Jaweon: page 1108, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1419, character 8
- Unihan data for U+7259
Chinese
| trad. | 牙 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 牙 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 牙 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |  |  |
Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 邪 | *ljaː, *laː |
| 衺 | *ljaː |
| 牙 | *ŋraː |
| 芽 | *ŋraː |
| 齖 | *ŋraː, *ŋraːs |
| 呀 | *ŋraː, *hŋraː |
| 枒 | *ŋraː, *ŋraːs |
| 雅 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 厊 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 庌 | *ŋraːʔ |
| 訝 | *ŋraːs |
| 迓 | *ŋraːs |
| 砑 | *ŋraːs |
| 犽 | *ŋraːs |
| 疨 | *hŋraː |
| 岈 | *hŋraː |
| 谺 | *hŋraː |
| 颬 | *hŋraː |
| 鴉 | *qraː |
| 釾 | *laː |
Etymology
Norman and Mei (1976) propose that this was a substrate loan; cf. Proto-Vietic *ŋaː (“ivory”) (Vietnamese ngà), Proto-Tai *ŋaːᴬ (“tusk; ivory”) (Thai งา (ngaa)). Pulleyblank (1983) disagrees with their hypothesis and considers Old Chinese to be the donor of this Wanderwort instead.
STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ŋja (“tusk; tooth”), comparing it to Mizo ngho (“tusk; fang”), Manipuri ꯌꯥ (yā, “tooth”), Mru [script needed] (hngou, “tooth”), Pa'o Karen [script needed] (tə́ʔ ŋà, “tooth”).
- Hong Kong Cantonese neologism prefix
- From 阿 (aa3).
Pronunciation
Definitions
牙
- (anatomy) tooth (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 棚 c)
- 牙齒／牙齿 ― yáchǐ ― tooth
- 我牙疼。 ― Wǒ yá téng. ― I have a toothache.
- (anatomy) fang; tusk; canine tooth
- 尖牙 ― jiānyá ― fang
- (anatomy) ivory; tusk of elephant
- 牙雕 ― yádiāo ― ivory sculpture
- screw thread
- (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, leetspeak, neologism) Prefix used in front of the surname or last character of someone’s given name to express familiarity or friendliness.
- Synonym: 阿 (aa3)
- (historical) broker
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 牙齒 (“tooth”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 齒 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 牙齒 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 牙 |
| Taiwan | 牙 | |
| Harbin | 牙 | |
| Yantai (Muping) | 牙 | |
| Jinan | 牙 | |
| Luoyang | 牙 | |
| Wanrong | 牙 | |
| Xi'an | 牙 | |
| Yinchuan | 牙 | |
| Xining | 牙 | |
| Ürümqi | 牙 | |
| Wuhan | 牙齒, 才調子 | |
| Chengdu | 牙齒 | |
| Chongqing | 牙齒, 牙巴 | |
| Guiyang | 牙齒 | |
| Guilin | 牙齒 | |
| Liuzhou | 牙齒 | |
| Xuzhou | 牙 | |
| Yangzhou | 牙子 | |
| Xinghua | 牙齒 | |
| Hefei | 牙, 牙齒 | |
| Singapore | 牙齒 | |
| Olginsky (Mikhaylovka) | 牙 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 牙 |
| Hong Kong | 牙 | |
| Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 牙 | |
| Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 牙 | |
| Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 牙 | |
| Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 牙 | |
| Macau | 牙 | |
| Guangzhou (Panyu) | 牙 | |
| Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 牙 | |
| Guangzhou (Conghua) | 牙 | |
| Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 牙 | |
| Foshan | 牙 | |
| Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 牙 | |
| Foshan (Shunde) | 牙 | |
| Foshan (Sanshui) | 牙 | |
| Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 牙 | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 牙 | |
| Zhuhai (Qianshan) | 牙 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) | 牙 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen) | 牙 | |
| Jiangmen (Baisha) | 牙 | |
| Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 牙 | |
| Taishan | 牙 | |
| Kaiping (Chikan) | 牙 | |
| Enping (Niujiang) | 牙 | |
| Heshan (Yayao) | 牙 | |
| Dongguan | 牙 | |
| Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 牙 | |
| Qingyuan | 牙 | |
| Fogang | 牙 | |
| Yingde (Hanguang) | 牙 | |
| Yangshan | 牙 | |
| Lianshan (Butian) | 牙齒 | |
| Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) | 牙齒 | |
| Shaoguan | 牙, 牙齒 | |
| Shaoguan (Qujiang) | 牙 | |
| Renhua | 牙齒 | |
| Lechang | 牙, 牙齒 | |
| Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) | 牙 | |
| Sihui | 牙 | |
| Guangning | 牙 | |
| Deqing | 牙 | |
| Huaiji | 牙 | |
| Fengkai (Nanfeng) | 牙 | |
| Yunfu | 牙 | |
| Xinxing | 牙 | |
| Luoding | 牙 | |
| Yunan (Pingtai) | 牙 | |
| Yangjiang | 牙 | |
| Xinyi | 牙齒 | |
| Maoming (Xinpo) | 牙 | |
| Lianjiang | 牙 | |
| Nanning | 牙齒, 牙 | |
| Wuzhou | 牙齒, 牙 | |
| Yulin | 牙齒, 牙 | |
| Hepu (Lianzhou) | 牙齒 | |
| Guiping | 牙齒 | |
| Mengshan (Xihe) | 牙齒 | |
| Guigang (Nanjiang) | 牙齒 | |
| Beiliu (Tangliao) | 牙齒 | |
| Baise | 牙齒 | |
| Bobai | 牙齒 | |
| Lingshan | 牙齒 | |
| Pubei | 牙齒 | |
| Qinzhou | 牙齒 | |
| Beihai | 牙齒 | |
| Ningming | 牙齒 | |
| Hengxian | 牙齒 | |
| Hezhou (Pumen) | 牙齒 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 牙 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 牙 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 牙齒 |
| Pingxiang | 牙齒 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 牙齒 |
| Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 牙 | |
| Dongguan (Qingxi) | 牙 | |
| Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 牙齒 | |
| Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 牙 | |
| Wuhua (Huacheng) | 牙齒 | |
| Conghua (Lütian) | 牙齒 | |
| Yudu | 牙齒 | |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 牙齒 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 牙齒 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 牙齒 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 牙齒 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 牙齒 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 牙, 牙齒 | |
| Hong Kong | 牙 | |
| Senai (Huiyang) | 牙 | |
| Singapore (Dabu) | 牙齒 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 牙齒 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 牙 |
| Xinzhou | 牙 | |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 牙齒 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 牙 |
| Changle | 牙 | |
| Fuqing | 喙齒 | |
| Yongtai | 牙齒 | |
| Gutian | 喙齒 | |
| Fu'an | 喙齒 | |
| Ningde | 喙齒 | |
| Shouning | 喙齒 | |
| Zhouning | 喙齒 | |
| Fuding | 牙齒 | |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 喙齒, 齒 |
| Xiamen (Tong'an) | 喙齒 | |
| Quanzhou | 喙齒, 齒 | |
| Jinjiang | 喙齒 | |
| Hui'an | 喙齒 | |
| Anxi | 喙齒 | |
| Dehua | 喙齒 | |
| Zhangzhou | 喙齒, 齒 | |
| Zhao'an | 喙齒 | |
| Kaohsiung | 喙齒, 齒 | |
| Yilan | 喙齒 | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 喙齒 | |
| Taichung | 牙齒 | |
| Taichung (Wuqi) | 喙齒 | |
| Tainan | 喙齒 | |
| Taitung | 喙齒 | |
| Hsinchu | 喙齒 | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 喙齒 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 喙齒, 牙 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 喙齒, 齒 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 喙齒 | |
| Pingnan (Shangdu) | 牙齒 | |
| Chaozhou | 齒 | |
| Shantou | 齒 | |
| Shantou (Chenghai) | 齒 | |
| Jieyang | 齒 | |
| Haifeng | 牙 | |
| Bangkok (Teochew) | 齒 | |
| Johor Bahru (Teochew) | 齒 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 齒 | |
| Pontianak (Teochew) | 牙 | |
| Leizhou | 牙 | |
| Wenchang | 牙 | |
| Haikou | 齒 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 牙, 喙齒 | |
| Puxian Min | Putian | 齒 |
| Xianyou | 喙齒 | |
| Zhongshan Min | Shaxi (Longdu) | 牙 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 牙齒 |
| Shehua | Fu'an | 牙 |
| Fuding | 牙 | |
| Luoyuan | 牙 | |
| Sanming | 牙 | |
| Shunchang | 牙 | |
| Hua'an | 牙 | |
| Waxiang | Guzhang (Gaofeng) | 牙齒 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 牙子, 牙齒 |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 牙齒 | |
| Suzhou | 牙子 | |
| Wenzhou | 牙齒, 牙 | |
| Jinhua | 牙齒 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 牙齒 |
| Loudi | 牙齒 | |
| Shuangfeng | 牙齒 | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 牙
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Descendants
Sino-Xenic (牙):
- → Japanese: 牙 (ge); 牙 (ga)
- → Korean: 아(牙) (a)
- → Vietnamese: nha (牙)
Others:
- → Proto-Tai: *ŋaːᴬ (“tusk, ivory”)
- Thai: งา (ngaa)
- Lao: ງາ (ngā)
- Lü: ᦇᦱ (ngaa)
- Shan: ငႃး (ngáa)
- Ahom: 𑜂𑜠 (ṅa)
- → Proto-Vietic: *ŋaː (“ivory”)
- Vietnamese: ngà
Japanese
Kanji
牙
(common “Jōyō” kanji)
- tusk, fang
Readings
- Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō †)
- Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)
- Kun: きば (kiba, 牙, Jōyō); き (ki); かび (kabi, 牙); は (ha, 牙)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| き Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [kʲi]
Noun
牙 • (ki)
- (obsolete) fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canine)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 9, poem 1809); text here
- 牙喫建怒而
- kikamitakebite
- ferociously gnashing teeth
- 牙喫建怒而
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 9, poem 1809); text here
Usage notes
Although this term is no longer used in isolation, it does persist in certain compounds.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 牙噛む (kigamu): to gnash one's teeth
- 牙骨 (kibone): the jawbone, the mandible, the lower jaw
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| きば Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
Compound of Old Japanese elements 牙 (ki, “fang, tusk”) + 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[2] The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) きば [kíꜜbà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
- IPA(key): [kʲiba̠]
Noun
牙 • (kiba)
- fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canines)
- (falconry) dog (primarily used for counting hunting dogs)
Usage notes
This is the most common term for fang in modern Japanese.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 牙上面 (kiba jōmen): ivory or boar tusk used to rub the surface of a print in order to bring out the gloss
- 牙筍貝 (kiba takegai): a kind of auger snail of family Terebridae
- 牙獐 (kiba noro): the “fanged noro”, a kind of roe deer of genus Capreolus
Idioms
Idioms
- 牙を噛む (kiba o kamu): “to bite one's fangs” → to gnash one's teeth
- 牙を研ぐ (kiba o togu): “to sharpen one's fangs” → to prepare to hurt one's opponent. Compare sharpen one's claws
- 牙を鳴らす (kiba o narasu): “to clash one's fangs” → to gnash one's teeth; to get angry; to bare one's fangs
- 牙を剥く (kiba o muku): “to bare one's fangs”
- 牙あるものは角無し (kiba aru mono wa tsuno nashi): “the one with fangs has no horns” → a metaphor for how no one is endowed with every advantage
See also
- 門歯 (monshi): incisor tooth
- 犬歯 (kenshi): canine tooth
- 小臼歯 (shōkyūshi): premolar
- 臼歯 (kyūshi): molar
- 象牙 (zōge): elephant tusk, ivory
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| かび Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
Cognate with, and probably the noun derivation of, verb 黴びる (kabiru, “to go moldy”), from the root idea of something sprouting.[2] Used in the Kojiki.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ka̠bʲi]
Noun
牙 • (kabi)
- (obsolete) a plant sprout, a plant bud
Derived terms
- 葦牙 (ashikabi): a reed sprout or bud
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| は Grade: S |
| kun’yomi |
Non-standard alternate spelling for 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[2]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ha̠]
Noun
牙 • (ha)
- Alternative spelling of 歯 (“tooth”)
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| げ Grade: S |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese 牙 (MC ŋˠa). Compare modern Min Nan reading gê.
The goon reading, so probably the reading as first imported into Japanese.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɡe̞]
Noun
牙 • (ge)
- an animal's fang or tusk
- an elephant's tusk: ivory
- a tooth
Usage notes
The tooth meaning is much more commonly expressed using the word 歯 (ha).
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 牙の笏 (ge no shaku): an ivory mace or scepter, used by certain social classes in ancient Japan
- 牙歯 (geshi): teeth, tusks, or fangs
- 牙軸 (gejiku): the inner edge of a scroll around which the scroll is wound, or an edge of a folding book to which pages are bound, made of ivory
- 牙床, 牙象 (geshō): a kind of cutout decorative carving technique for panels, wherein the corners are left intact to reinforce the structure of the panel
- 牙彫 (gebori): a carving made from a tusk or fang, more specifically made of elephant ivory
- 牙笏 (geshaku): an ivory mace or scepter, used by certain social classes in ancient Japan
Etymology 6
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 牙 |
| が Grade: S |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 牙 (MC ŋˠa). Compare modern Cantonese reading ngaa4.
The kan'on reading, so probably a later importation.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɡa̠]
Affix
牙 • (ga)
- an animal's fang or tusk
- an elephant's tusk: ivory
- a tooth
Usage notes
The ga reading is only used in compounds, and is never used in isolation.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 牙営 (gaei): the headquarters of a general in a field camp
- 牙音 (gaon): a velar consonant (obsolete)
- 牙関緊急 (gakan kinkyū): lockjaw, a common symptom in the early stages of tetanus
- 牙旗 (gaki): a flag raised at the site of an emperor's or general's field camp
- 牙行 (gakō): in China, a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
- 牙山 (Gazan): the city of Asan, a port in South Korea
- 牙商 (gashō): a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
- 牙城 (gajō): the keep or main residence within a castle; a headquarters, a base, a stronghold
- 牙人 (gajin): in China, a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
- 牙銭 (gasen): a fee or commission charged by a 牙行 (gakō)
- 牙虫 (gamushi): a water scavenger beetle of family Hydrophilidae
- 牙斧 (gafu): a small axe or hatchet made from boar tusk
- 牙保 (gaho): a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
- 牙保罪 (gahozai): the crime of fencing goods known to be stolen
- 牙保犯 (gahohan): the crime of fencing goods known to be stolen
- 牙門 (gamon): a gate on which a general's flag is flying; an army's headquarters
- 牙籌 (gachū): an abacus; more specifically, an ivory abacus
- 牙籤, 牙籖 (gasen): a small placard or label made of ivory; a small claw-shaped ivory clasp for holding a book closed
- 牙纛 (gatō): the flag of a general's army, the pole of which was traditionally decorated with ivory on the end
- 牙儈 (gakai): in China, a middleman or go-between in a commercial transaction
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 牙 (MC ŋˠa).
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅡᆼ (Yale: nga) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 아 (a) (Yale: a) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
Wikisource牙 (eumhun 어금니 아 (eogeumni a))
- Hanja form? of 아 (“molar; cheek tooth”).
Compounds
Compounds
- 치아 (齒牙, chia)
- 상아 (象牙, sang'a)
- 아음 (牙音, a'eum)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
牙: Hán Nôm readings: nha, ngà
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