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单词 熊
释义

熊

See also: 態
熊 U+718A, 熊
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-718A
← 熉
[U+7189]		CJK Unified Ideographs熋 →
[U+718B]

Translingual

Han character

熊 (Kangxi radical 86, 火+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 戈心火 (IPF), four-corner 21331, composition ⿱能灬)

References

  • KangXi: page 679, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19294
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1090, character 32
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2227, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+718A

Chinese

trad.熊
simp. #熊
alternative forms能
𤠗
𪏛
𧰯
熊

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 熊
Warring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu slip and silk scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j22798

Transcribed ancient scripts

L30031

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

According to Shuowen, phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɢʷlɯm) : semantic 能 (“bear”) + abbreviated phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).

This character originally represented an onomatopoetic word (熊熊 (xióngxióng, “(of flame) raging”)). Later its semantic component 能 (OC *nɯː, *nɯːs, *nɯːŋ, *nɯːŋʔ), the character for the Old Chinese word "bear", was borrowed for another word. This character thus began to represent the word "bear" instead.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. Cognate with Tibetan དོམ (dom, “bear”), Burmese ဝံ (wam) (in ဝက်ဝံ (wak-wam, “bear”)).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): xióng (xiong2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄥˊ
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щүн (xün, I)
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): hung4
  • Gan (Wiktionary): xiung4
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): yùng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): yung2
  • Jin (Wiktionary): xyng1
  • Min Bei (KCR): hê̤ng
  • Min Dong (BUC): hṳ̀ng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): hîm / hiông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): him5 / hing5
  • Wu (Wiktionary): hhion (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): xiong2
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: xióng
      • Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: syóng
      • Wade–Giles: hsiung2
      • Yale: syúng
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyong
      • Palladius: сюн (sjun)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɕjʊŋ³⁵/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щүн (xün, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɕyŋ²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: hung4
      • Yale: hùhng
      • Cantonese Pinyin: hung4
      • Guangdong Romanization: hung4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hʊŋ²¹/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: xiung4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiuŋ³⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
      • Hakka Romanization System: iungˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: yung2
      • Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ¹¹/
    • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
      • Hakka Romanization System: (r)iungˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: yung2
      • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ¹¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: yung2
      • Sinological IPA: /iʊŋ¹¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: xyng1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕỹŋ¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hê̤ng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /xœyŋ³³/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̀ng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hyŋ⁵³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hîm / hiông
      • Tâi-lô: hîm / hiông
      • Phofsit Daibuun: hiim, hioong
      • IPA (Xiamen): /him²⁴/, /hiɔŋ²⁴/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /him²⁴/, /hiɔŋ²⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /him¹³/, /hiɔŋ¹³/
      • IPA (Taipei): /him²⁴/, /hiɔŋ²⁴/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /him²³/, /hiɔŋ²³/
Note:
  • hîm - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • hiông - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: him5 / hing5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hîm / hîng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /him⁵⁵/, /hiŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • hing5 - Chenghai;
  • him5 - other places.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: hhion (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɦi̯ʊŋ²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: xiong2
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /ɕiʊŋ¹³/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /ɕin¹³/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
熊
MandarinBeijing/ɕyŋ³⁵/
Harbin/ɕyŋ²⁴/
Tianjin/ɕyŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan/ɕyŋ⁴²/
Qingdao/ɕiŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou/ɕyuŋ⁴²/
Xi'an/ɕyŋ²⁴/
Xining/ɕyə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan/ɕyŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou/ɕỹn⁵³/
Ürümqi/ɕyŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan/ɕioŋ²¹³/
Chengdu/ɕyoŋ³¹/
Guiyang/ɕioŋ²¹/
Kunming/ɕiŋ³¹/
Nanjing/ɕioŋ²⁴/
Hefei/ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
JinTaiyuan/ɕyəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao/ɕyŋ¹³/
Hohhot/ɕỹŋ³¹/
WuShanghai/ɦioŋ²³/
Suzhou/ɦioŋ¹³/
Hangzhou/ɦioŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou/joŋ³¹/
HuiShexian/ɕyʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi/ɕin⁴⁴/
XiangChangsha/ɕioŋ¹³/
Xiangtan/ɕin¹²/
GanNanchang/ɕiuŋ⁴⁵/
HakkaMeixian/iuŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan/ʒuŋ¹¹/
CantoneseGuangzhou/hoŋ²¹/
Nanning/juŋ²¹/
Hong Kong/huŋ²¹/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/hiɔŋ³⁵/
/him³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/hyŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/xœyŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan)/him⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan)/hiɔŋ³¹/
  • Middle Chinese: /ɦɨuŋ/
Rime
Character熊
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)云 (35)
Final (韻)東 (2)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie羽弓切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ɦɨuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		/ɦiuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		/ɣiuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ɦuwŋ/
Li
Rong		/ɣiuŋ/
Wang
Li		/ɣĭuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		/i̯uŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		yóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		jung4
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[ɢ]ʷ(r)əm/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷlɯm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character熊
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		xióng
Middle
Chinese		‹ hjuwng ›
Old
Chinese		/*C.[ɢ]ʷ(r)əm/
Englishbear (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character熊
Reading #1/1
No.13906
Phonetic
component		熊
Rime
group		侵
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		雄
Old
Chinese		/*ɢʷlɯm/

Definitions

熊

  1. bear (mammal) (Classifier: 頭／头 m; 隻／只)
  2. (colloquial) to scold
  3. (colloquial) timid; cowardly
  4. (gay slang) bear (large, hairy man, especially a homosexual one)
  5. a surname: Xiong (mainland China); Hsiung (Taiwan); Hung (Hong Kong)
    熊十力  ―  Xióng Shílì  ―  Xiong Shili (20th-century Chinese philosopher)

Synonyms

  • (bear):
Dialectal synonyms of 熊 (“bear”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)熊
MandarinBeijing狗熊, 熊瞎子
Taiwan熊
Tianjin狗熊
Chengde狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子
Cangzhou狗熊
Baoding狗熊, 熊
Shijiazhuang狗熊, 熊, 黑瞎得
Chifeng狗熊, 熊瞎子
Hulunbuir (Hailar)狗熊, 熊瞎子, 黑熊
Heihe狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 黑瞎子
Qiqihar狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 黑瞎子
Harbin熊瞎子, 黑瞎子, 黑熊
Jiamusi狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 黑瞎子
Baicheng狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 狗駝子
Changchun狗熊, 熊瞎子
Tonghua熊瞎子
Shenyang狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子
Dandong狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子, 黑瞎子
Jinzhou狗熊, 熊, 熊瞎子
Dalian黑傻子
Yantai黑瞎子
Qingdao黑瞎子
Lijin狗熊
Zhucheng狗熊兒, 大老黑
Jinan狗熊, 熊, 黑瞎子
Jining狗熊, 黑瞎子
Shangqiu狗熊, 熊
Yuanyang狗熊, 熊
Zhengzhou狗熊, 狗黑兒
Lingbao狗熊
Xinyang熊
Ankang熊
Baihe熊
Hanzhong熊
Xi'an人熊, 熊, 狗熊
Baoji狗熊, 熊
Yinchuan狗熊, 熊
Tianshui熊
Lanzhou狗熊, 熊
Dunhuang熊
Xining狗熊, 熊
Hami熊
Ürümqi狗熊
Wuhan狗熊, 熊
Yichang狗熊, 熊
Xiangyang熊
Tianmen狗熊, 熊
Hong'an熊
Chengdu狗熊, 熊
Nanchong熊
Dazhou人熊, 狗熊
Hanyuan老熊
Xichang狗熊, 熊
Zigong狗熊, 熊
Chongqing熊, 熊嘎婆
Guiyang狗熊
Zunyi狗熊
Bijie狗熊
Liping狗熊
Zhaotong狗熊
Dali狗熊
Kunming人熊, 熊, 狗熊
Mengzi老熊
Guilin熊
Liuzhou人熊, 熊, 狗熊
Jishou熊
Changde熊
Anqing狗熊, 熊
Xuzhou熊, 狗黑子
Fuyang熊, 狗黑子
Wuhu狗熊, 熊
Yangzhou狗熊, 熊
Lianyungang狗熊, 熊
Lianshui狗熊, 熊
Nanjing狗熊, 熊
Hefei狗熊, 熊
Nantong熊
Singapore熊
CantoneseGuangzhou熊, 熊人
Hong Kong熊人, 熊
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)熊
Macau熊
Guangzhou (Panyu)熊
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)熊
Guangzhou (Conghua)熊
Guangzhou (Zengcheng)熊
Foshan熊
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)熊
Foshan (Shunde)熊
Foshan (Sanshui)熊人
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)熊
Zhongshan (Shiqi)熊
Zhuhai (Qianshan)熊
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)熊
Zhuhai (Doumen)熊
Jiangmen (Baisha)熊
Jiangmen (Xinhui)熊
Taishan熊
Kaiping (Chikan)熊
Enping (Niujiang)熊
Heshan (Yayao)熊
Dongguan熊
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)熊
HakkaHuizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)熊
Dongguan (Qingxi)熊
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)熊
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)熊人
Conghua (Lütian)熊
Miaoli (N. Sixian)熊
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)熊
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)熊
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)熊
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)熊
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)熊
HuizhouShexian狗熊, 熊
JinTaiyuan狗熊, 熊
Yangyuan人熊, 熊, 狗熊
Datong狗熊
Xinzhou狗熊, 熊
Lishi狗熊, 熊
Linfen狗熊
Changzhi人熊, 熊, 狗熊
Linhe狗熊
Jining熊
Hohhot狗熊, 熊
Erenhot人熊, 熊, 狗熊
Pingshan狗熊
Zhangjiakou狗熊, 人熊
Handan狗熊, 熊
Linzhou熊
Suide熊
Min NanTaipei (Wanhua)熊
Kaohsiung熊
Yilan熊
Changhua (Lukang)熊
Taichung熊
Taichung (Wuqi)熊
Tainan熊
Taitung熊
Hsinchu熊
Penghu (Magong)熊
Zhongshan MinShaxi (Longdu)熊
  • (to scold):
edit
Synonyms of 熊
  • (timid):
edit
Synonyms of 熊

Compounds

Derived terms from 熊

Japanese

Kanji

熊

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. bear

Readings

  • Go-on: う (u)
  • Kan-on: ゆう (yū)
  • Kun: くま (kuma, 熊, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: かげ (kage)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 牡(おす)熊(くま) (osukuma): a male bear
  • 子(こ)熊(くま) (kokuma): a bear cub
  • 小(こ)熊(くま) (kokuma): a species of small bear
  • 白(しろ)熊(くま) (shirokuma): a white bear (polar bear)
  • 灰(はい)色(いろ)熊(くま) (haiirokuma): a grizzly bear
  • 北(ほっ)極(きょく)熊(ぐま) (hokkyokuguma): a polar bear
  • 黒(くろ)熊(くま) (kurokuma): the Asian black bear
  • 熊(くま)笹(ざさ) (kumazasa): bamboo grass (Sasa veitchii)
  • 熊(くま)葛(つづら) (kumatsuzura): common vervain (Verbena officinalis)
  • 熊(くま)手(で) (kumade): bamboo rake
  • 熊(くま)襲(そ) (Kumaso): the Kumaso people
  • 雌(めす)熊(くま) (mesukuma): a female bear; a she-bear

Etymology

熊 (kuma): a brown bear.
Kanji in this term
熊
くま
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Further derivation is uncertain. Possibilities include:

  • Might be cognate with Japanese 隈 (kuma, “inside corner; inner bend; hollow or hole in something”), perhaps from the way that bears often live in dens.[2]
  • Might also or separately be cognate with Middle Korean 곰〯 (kwǒm, “bear”), whose archaic form */koma/ is preserved as the first element of the toponym 고마〮ᄂᆞᄅᆞ (Kwòmánòlò, literally “Bear-ford”). Thus, a cognate of Korean 곰 (gom, “bear”) and Baekje 金馬 (*kəma/*kuma, “bear”).
  • Might be an areal Wanderwort, borrowed from Old Chinese 熊 (OC *ɢʷlɯm) and ultimately deriving from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-wam. See also the etymology notes in the *d-wam entry.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) くま​ [kùmáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[3][4][5]
  • (Tokyo) く​ま [kúꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])[3][4][5]
  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝma̠]

Noun

熊(くま) • (kuma) 

  1. [from 712] a bear (large mammal of family Ursidae)
  2. [from 1701] (slang) hairiness in general; (more specifically) a bear, an otter (a hairy man, especially one who is gay)
  3. [???] (theater) standing room only audience members in the pit (from the way the standing section would often have a metal railing or fence separating it, resembling a bear cage)

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as クマ.

Derived terms

Derived terms
  • 穴(あな)熊(ぐま) (anaguma): Meles meles, the Eurasian badger
  • 洗(あらい)熊(ぐま) (araiguma): a raccoon

Prefix

熊(くま) • (kuma) 

  1. [from 712] prefixed to other nouns for animals or plants to indicate large size or great strength, relative to other varieties

Derived terms

Derived terms
  • 熊(くま)鼠(ねずみ) (kumanezumi): Rattus rattus, the black rat

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. Entry at Nihon Jiten (in Japanese)
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 熊 (MC ɦɨuŋ).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448ᅘᅮᇰ (Yale: hhwùng)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527곰〯 (Yale: kwǒm)우ᇰ (Yale: wùng)

Pronunciation

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [uŋ]
  • Phonetic hangul: [웅]

Hanja

Wikisource熊 (eumhun 곰 웅 (gom ung))

  1. Hanja form? of 웅 (“bear”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 웅녀 (熊女, Ungnyeo, “Ungnyeo”)
  • 웅담 (熊膽, ungdam)
  • 웅진 (熊津, Ungjin, “Ungjin”)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Okinawan

Kanji

熊

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. bear

Readings

  • Kun: くま (kuma, 熊)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
熊
くま
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Cognate with Japanese 熊 (kuma, “bear”) and Korean 곰 (gom).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [kuma]

Noun

熊 (hiragana くま, rōmaji kuma)

  1. bear

References

  • “くま【熊】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Vietnamese

Han character

熊: Hán Nôm readings: hùng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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