無限

無限

See also: 无限

Chinese

		not have	limit; bound
trad. (無限)		無	限
simp. (无限)		无	限

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wúxiàn

  (Zhuyin): ㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mou⁴ haan⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): vù-han
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): bô-hān / bô-hǎn / bô-ān / bû-hān / bû-hǎn / bû-ān

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bho⁵ hang⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wúxiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wúsiàn
    • Wade–Giles: wu²-hsien⁴
    • Yale: wú-syàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wushiann
    • Palladius: усянь (usjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u³⁵ ɕjɛn⁵¹/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 吳縣／吴县 無線／无线 無限／无限

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: mou⁴ haan⁶
    • Yale: mòuh haahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mou⁴ haan⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: mou⁴ han⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mou̯²¹ haːn²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vù-han
    • Hakka Romanization System: vuˇ han
    • Hagfa Pinyim: vu² han⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /vu¹¹ han⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bô-hān
    • Tâi-lô: bô-hān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: boi'han
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bo¹³⁻²² han²²/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bo²⁴⁻²² han²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bo²⁴⁻¹¹ han³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɤ²³⁻³³ han³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bô-hǎn
    • Tâi-lô: bô-hǎn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bo²⁴⁻²² han²²/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bô-ān
    • Tâi-lô: bô-ān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: boi'an
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bo¹³⁻²² an²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-hān
    • Tâi-lô: bû-hān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bu'han
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bu²³⁻³³ han³³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bu²⁴⁻¹¹ han³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bu²⁴⁻²² han²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-hǎn
    • Tâi-lô: bû-hǎn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bu²⁴⁻²² han²²/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bû-ān
    • Tâi-lô: bû-ān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bu'an
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bu¹³⁻²² an²²/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bho⁵ hang⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bô hăng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /bo⁵⁵⁻¹¹ haŋ³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /mɨo  ɦˠɛn^X/

Rime
Character	無	限
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	虞 (24)	山 (73)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	武夫切	胡簡切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨo/	/ɦˠɛnX/
Pan Wuyun	/mio/	/ɦᵚænX/
Shao Rongfen	/mio/	/ɣænX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/muə̆/	/ɦəɨnX/
Li Rong	/mio/	/ɣɛnX/
Wang Li	/mĭu/	/ɣænX/
Bernard Karlgren	/mi̯u/	/ɣănX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wú	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	mou4	haan6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ma|mo  [ɡ]ˤrə[n]ʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ma  ɡrɯːnʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	無	無	無	限
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wú	wú	wú	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ mju ›	‹ mju ›	‹ mju ›	‹ hɛnX ›
Old Chinese	/*ma/	/*ma/	/*mo/	/*[ɡ]ˁrə[n]ʔ/
English	not have	volitional prefix	don’t	obstacle, limit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	無	限
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13117	3916
Phonetic component	無	艮
Rime group	魚	文
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	無	限
Old Chinese	/*ma/	/*ɡrɯːnʔ/

Adjective

無限

1. boundless; immeasurable; infinite; limitless; unlimited

   無限可能／无限可能  ―  wúxiàn kěnéng  ―  infinite possibilities

   無限流量套餐／无限流量套餐  ―  wúxiàn liúliàng tàocān  ―  unlimited data plan

Synonyms

• 無盡／无尽 (wújìn)

Derived terms

無限公司／无限公司 無限小數／无限小数

無限戰爭／无限战争 無限花序／无限花序

Related terms

• 無窮／无穷 (wúqióng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (無限):

• → Japanese: 無限(むげん) (mugen)
• → Korean: 무한(無限) (muhan)
• → Vietnamese: vô hạn (無限)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
無	限
む Grade: 4	げん Grade: 5
goon

Etymology

May be a learned borrowing from Chinese 無限 (literally “without + limit”). First cited to 1881 in the 哲学字彙 (Tetsugaku Jii, “Philosophical Vocabulary”).[1]

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) むげん [mùgéń] (Heiban – [0])[2][3][4]
• IPA^(key): [mɯ̟ᵝɡẽ̞ɴ]

Adjective

無(む)限(げん) • (mugen) -na (adnominal 無(む)限(げん)な (mugen na), adverbial 無(む)限(げん)に (mugen ni))

1. [from 1901] unlimited, infinite, endless

Inflection

Inflection of 無限

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	無限だろ	むげんだろ	mugen daro
Continuative (連用形)	無限で	むげんで	mugen de
Terminal (終止形)	無限だ	むげんだ	mugen da
Attributive (連体形)	無限な	むげんな	mugen na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	無限なら	むげんなら	mugen nara
Imperative (命令形)	無限であれ	むげんであれ	mugen de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	無限ではない 無限じゃない	むげんではない むげんじゃない	mugen de wa nai mugen ja nai
Informal past	無限だった	むげんだった	mugen datta
Informal negative past	無限ではなかった 無限じゃなかった	むげんではなかった むげんじゃなかった	mugen de wa nakatta mugen ja nakatta
Formal	無限です	むげんです	mugen desu
Formal negative	無限ではありません 無限じゃありません	むげんではありません むげんじゃありません	mugen de wa arimasen mugen ja arimasen
Formal past	無限でした	むげんでした	mugen deshita
Formal negative past	無限ではありませんでした 無限じゃありませんでした	むげんではありませんでした むげんじゃありませんでした	mugen de wa arimasen deshita mugen ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	無限で	むげんで	mugen de
Conditional	無限なら（ば）	むげんなら（ば）	mugen nara (ba)
Provisional	無限だったら	むげんだったら	mugen dattara
Volitional	無限だろう	むげんだろう	mugen darō
Adverbial	無限に	むげんに	mugen ni
Degree	無限さ	むげんさ	mugensa

Antonyms

• 有限(ゆうげん) (yūgen): limited, finite

Noun

無(む)限(げん) • (mugen) 

1. [from 1881] (philosophy, general) infinity, unlimitedness, endlessness

   無(む)限(げん)に廻(めぐ)るもの、ウラモグ

   Mugen ni Megurumono, Uramogu

   Ulamog, the Infinite Gyre

2. [from 1889] (mathematics) infinity

See also

• 無(む)限(げん)大(だい) (mugendai): infinitely large
• 無(む)限(げん)小(しょう) (mugenshō): infinitesimal
• 無制限(むせいげん) (museigen): limitless, unrestricted
• 永遠(えいえん) (eien): eternity
• 永久(えいきゅう) (eikyū): eternity

References

1. “無限”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

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Korean

Hanja in this term
無	限

Noun

無限 • (muhan) (hangeul 무한)

1. Hanja form^? of 무한 (“infinity”).

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Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
無	限

Adjective

無限

1. chữ Hán form of vô hạn (“infinite; unlimited; boundless”).