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单词
释义

See also: and
U+70CF, 烏
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-70CF

[U+70CE]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+70D0]

Translingual

Han character

raven and crow

(Kangxi radical 86, +6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹口卜火 (HRYF), four-corner 27327, composition丿⿹⿺コ一灬)

Derived characters

  • 𠌥(𠆿), 𭂛, 嗚(呜), 塢(坞), 𡠄, 嵨, 摀, 溩, 隖(𬮻), 㮧, 熓(𤆡), 瑦, 䃖, 螐, 䡧, 鎢(钨), 䖚, 鰞, 𠞆(𠛆), 歍, 鄔(邬)
  • (Simplified Chinese)

References

  • KangXi: page 670, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18998
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1079, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2202, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+70CF

Chinese

trad.
simp.
alternative forms𠂶
𡖗
𡗃
𤚶
𥾪

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
Western ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptionsSmall seal script

Pictogram (象形) – a bird. Compare (“bird”), of similar development.

Etymology

“crow; black; dark”
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ka-n (crow) (STEDT). Cognate with (OC *qraː, “crow; raven”), which retains the earlier vowel in Middle Chinese (*ʔˠa), and (OC *la, *las, “jackdaw”).
Schuessler (2007) considers it to be onomatopoeic, and compares it with Proto-Loloish *akᴸ (crow).
“Black; dark” is a semantic extension of “crow” – “black as a crow”. Compare (OC *hmlɯːɡ, “black”), which is cognate with (OC *mlɯːɡ, “ink”).
“sun”
The Three-legged crow was thought to reside in the Sun.
interrogative pronoun
Related to the following interrogative pronouns with similar phonological shapes in Old Chinese (Wang, 1982), with differing suffixes:
  • (OC *qan, *qran, “how; where”)
  • (OC *qaː, “how”)
  • (OC *qaːn, “where; how; why”)

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): wū, wù (wu1, wu4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄨ, ㄨˋ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): wu1
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS):
    (Meixian, Guangdong): vu1
  • Jin (Wiktionary): vu1
  • Min Dong (BUC): ŭ
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ):
    (Teochew, Peng'im): ou1 / u1
  • Wu (Wiktionary): u (T1)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): u1

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin:
      • Zhuyin:
      • Tongyong Pinyin: wu
      • Wade–Giles: wu1
      • Yale:
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: u
      • Palladius: у (u)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /u⁵⁵/
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin:
      • Zhuyin: ㄨˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin:
      • Wade–Giles: wu4
      • Yale:
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuh
      • Palladius: у (u)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /u⁵¹/
Note: "wù" - only used in 烏拉乌拉 (wùla).
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: wu1
      • Yale: wū
      • Cantonese Pinyin: wu1
      • Guangdong Romanization: wu1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /wuː⁵⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ:
      • Hakka Romanization System: vu´
      • Hagfa Pinyim: vu1
      • Sinological IPA: /vu²⁴/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: vu1
      • Sinological IPA: /ʋu⁴⁴/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: vu1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /vu¹¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: ŭ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /u⁵⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Lukang, Philippines, Zhangzhou, Changtai, Zhangpu, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Yilan, Sanxia, Magong, Kinmen, Penang, Singapore, Jinjiang)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô: oo
      • Phofsit Daibuun: of
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang, Philippines, Penang, Jinjiang): /ɔ³³/
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /ɔu⁵⁵/
      • IPA (Changtai): /eu⁴⁴/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Kinmen, Singapore): /ɔ⁴⁴/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ou1 / u1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ou / u
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ou³³/, /u³³/
Note:
  • ou1 - vernacular;
  • u1 - literary.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: u (T1)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /v̩ʷ⁵³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: u1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /u³³/

  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
MandarinBeijing/u⁵⁵/
Harbin/u⁴⁴/
Tianjin/u²¹/
Jinan/u²¹³/
Qingdao/vu²¹³/
Zhengzhou/u²⁴/
Xi'an/u²¹/
Xining/v̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/vu⁴⁴/
Lanzhou/vu³¹/
Ürümqi/vu⁴⁴/
Wuhan/u⁵⁵/
Chengdu/u⁵⁵/
Guiyang/u⁵⁵/
Kunming/u⁴⁴/
Nanjing/u³¹/
Hefei/u²¹/
JinTaiyuan/vu¹¹/
Pingyao/u¹³/
Hohhot/vu³¹/
WuShanghai/u⁵³/
Suzhou/əu⁵⁵/
Hangzhou/ʔu³³/
Wenzhou/v̠u³³/
HuiShexian/u³¹/
Tunxi/u¹¹/
XiangChangsha/u³³/
Xiangtan/u³³/
GanNanchang/u⁴²/
HakkaMeixian/vu⁴⁴/
Taoyuan/vu²⁴/
CantoneseGuangzhou/wu⁵³/
Nanning/wu⁵⁵/
Hong Kong/wu⁵⁵/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/ɔ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/u⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/u⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/ou³³/
Haikou (Min Nan)/u²³/
/ɔu²³/

  • Middle Chinese: /ʔuo/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/1
Initial () (34)
Final () (23)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division ()I
Fanqie哀都切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ʔuo/
Pan
Wuyun
/ʔuo/
Shao
Rongfen
/ʔo/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ʔɔ/
Li
Rong
/ʔo/
Wang
Li
/u/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ʔuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
wu1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ʔ]ˤa/, /*qˤa/, /*ʔˤa/
    (Zhengzhang): /*qaː/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/32/33/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ ʔu ›‹ ʔu ›‹ ʔu ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ʔ]ˁa//*qˁa//*ʔˁa/
Englishoh!crow, raven; black烏桓, 烏丸 Wūhuán: Avars (W. Hàn)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/1
No.13077
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*qaː/

Definitions

  1. crow; raven; rook
    • 莫赤匪狐、莫黑匪 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
      莫赤匪狐、莫黑匪 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Mò chì fěi hú, mò hēi fěi . [Pinyin]
      Nothing red is seen but foxes, nothing black but crows.
  2. (obsolete, metonymically) sun
    兔走兔走   tùzǒufēi   time passes quickly (literally, “the rabbit [of the moon] runs and the crow [of the sun] flies”)
  3. (literary or in compounds or Hakka, Min) black; dark
       yún   dark cloud
    油油油油   yóuyóu   glossy black
    嘴唇發嘴唇发   zuǐchún fā    one's lips turn black
    • 匈奴騎,其西方盡白馬,東方盡青駹馬,北方盡驪馬,南方盡騂馬。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      匈奴骑,其西方尽白马,东方尽青𮪡马,北方尽骊马,南方尽骍马。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
      Xiōngnú qí, qí xīfāng jìn báimǎ, dōngfāng jìn qīng máng mǎ, běifāng jìn lí mǎ, nánfāng jìn xīng mǎ. [Pinyin]
      The mounted troops of the Xiongnu on the west all had white horses; on the east, all blue-green horses; on the north, all black horses; on the south, all red horses.
    • ,欲落雨。 [Hokkien, trad.]
      ,欲落雨。 [Hokkien, simp.]
      From: 天烏烏 (A Hokkien nursery rhyme)
      Thiⁿ --, beh lo̍h-hō͘. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
      The sky is dark; it seems like it will rain.
  4. (literary) to dye black
  5. (literary) An interrogative pronoun with a variety of meanings, including "how", "why", "where", etc.
  6. Short for 烏克蘭乌克兰 (Wūkèlán, “Ukraine”).
    衝突冲突   é chōngtū   Russia-Ukraine War
  7. a surname

Synonyms

See also

  • (è)

Compounds

References

  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02407

Japanese

Kanji

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

Readings

  • Go-on: (u)
  • Kan-on: (o) (wo, historical)
  • Kan’yō-on: (e)
  • Kun: からす (karasu, ); いずくんぞ (izukunzo, 烏んぞ)いづくんぞ (idukunzo, historical); なんぞ (nanzo, 烏ぞ)

Compounds

  • 烏賊(いか) (ika): squid, cuttlefish

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
からす
Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
からすカラス
[noun] a crow or raven
Alternative spellings
, , からす
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term

Jinmeiyō
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC ʔuo).

The goon pronunciation, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Goon
    • IPA(key): [ɯ̟ᵝ]

Affix

() (u) 

  1. crow; raven
  2. black; dark
  3. (figuratively) sun
  4. A Chinese interrogative for rhetorical questions.
    ()(ゆう)u(literally “not-have”) nonexistence; nothing
Derived terms

Kikai

Alternative forms

Kanji

(hiragana がらさー, romaji garasā, hiragana がるさー, romaji garusā)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese (karasu).

Noun

(hiragana がらさー, romaji garasā, hiragana がるさー, romaji garusā)

  1. crow, raven

Korean

Hanja

(o) (hangeul , revised o, McCuneReischauer o, Yale o)

  1. Hanja form? of (crow).

Northern Amami-Oshima

Alternative forms

Kanji

(hiragana からすぃ, romaji karasi)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese (karasu).

Noun

(hiragana からすぃ, romaji karasi)

  1. crow, raven

Oki-No-Erabu

Alternative forms

Kanji

(hiragana がらし, romaji garashi)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese (karasu).

Noun

(hiragana がらし, romaji garashi)

  1. crow, raven

Okinawan

Alternative forms

Kanji

(hiragana がらし, romaji garashi)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese (karasu).

Noun

(hiragana がらし, romaji garashi)

  1. crow, raven

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: ô

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Yonaguni

Alternative forms

Kanji

(hiragana がらち, romaji garachi)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese (karasu).

Noun

(hiragana がらち, romaji garachi)

  1. crow, raven
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