濟

See also: 济 and 済

濟	U+6FDF, 濟 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6FDF

← 濞
[U+6FDE]

CJK Unified Ideographs

濠 →
[U+6FE0]

Translingual

Traditional	濟
Shinjitai	済
Simplified	济

Han character

濟 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 水卜X (EYX), four-corner 3012₃, composition ⿰氵齊)

Derived characters

𫬵

Related characters

済 (Japanese shinjitai)
济 (Simplified Chinese)

Chinese

trad.		濟
simp.		济
alternative forms		済㴉𣳵𣸓𣺴済㴉𣳵𣸓𣺴𤀮

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
儕	*zriːl
麡	zriːl, ʔsliːl, *zliːl
齋	*ʔsriːl
穧	ʔsleds, ʔsliːls, *zliːls
擠	ʔsliːl, ʔsliːls
躋	ʔsliːl, ʔsliːls
齏	*ʔsliːl
齎	ʔsliːl, ʔslil
櫅	*ʔsliːl
齌	ʔsliːl, sʰliːl, *zliːls
隮	ʔsliːl, ʔsliːls
賷	*ʔsliːl
虀	*ʔsliːl
濟	ʔsliːlʔ, ʔsliːls
癠	ʔsliːlʔ, zliːl, zliːlʔ, zliːls
霽	*ʔsliːls
齊	zliːl, zliːls
臍	*zliːl
蠐	zliːl, zlil
懠	zliːl, zliːls
薺	zliːlʔ, zlil
鱭	*zliːlʔ
嚌	*zliːls
劑	zliːls, ʔslel
齍	*ʔslil

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls).

Etymology 1

Austroasiatic. Base form, without nominal n-infix, of 西 (OC *snə̂i) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.

津 (OC *ʔslin) is its n-nominalized derivative (ibid.).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jì (ji⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zai³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chi
Min Dong (BUC): cá̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chè
(Teochew, Peng'im): zi³
Wu (Wiktionary): ji (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jì
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jì
  - Wade–Giles: chi⁴
  - Yale: jì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
  - Palladius: цзи (czi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zai³
  - Yale: jai
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzai³
  - Guangdong Romanization: zei³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐi̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chi
  - Hakka Romanization System: ji
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ji⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cá̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɑ²¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè
  - Tâi-lô: tsè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zex
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /t͡se²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡se⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡se¹¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zi³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsì
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡si²¹³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ji (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /t͡sei^H/

Rime
Character	濟
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	子計切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sei^H/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sei^H/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sɛi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sɛj^H/
Li Rong	/t͡sei^H/
Wang Li	/t͡siei^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡siei^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zai³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤ[i]j(ʔ)-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsliːls/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	濟	濟
Reading #	4/5	5/5
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jì	jì
Middle Chinese	‹ tsej^H ›	‹ tsej^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]ˁ[i]j(ʔ)-s/	/*[ts]ˁ[i]j(ʔ)-s/
English	cross a stream; rescue	stop
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	濟
Reading #	2/2
No.	10048
Phonetic component	齊
Rime group	脂
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	霽
Old Chinese	/*ʔsliːls/

Definitions

濟

to cross a river; to ferry
to help; to aid; to relieve
to be of help; useful

Compounds

Derived terms from 濟

不存不濟／不存不济
不存濟／不存济
不濟／不济 (bùjì)
不濟事／不济事
不經濟／不经济
不良事濟／不良事济
不通濟／不通济
以水濟水／以水济水
伯濟國／伯济国
低碳經濟／低碳经济 (dītàn jīngjì)
俵濟／俵济
假公濟私／假公济私 (jiǎgōngjìsī)
公私兩濟／公私两济
共濟一堂／共济一堂
兼濟／兼济
剛柔並濟／刚柔并济
剛柔相濟／刚柔相济 (gāngróuxiāngjì)
力濟九區／力济九区
功濟宇內／功济宇内
劫富濟貧／劫富济贫 (jiéfùjìpín)
匡俗濟時／匡俗济时
匡時濟世／匡时济世 (kuāngshíjìshì)
匡時濟俗／匡时济俗
匡濟／匡济 (kuāngjì)
匡濟之才／匡济之才
博愛濟群／博爱济群
博施濟眾／博施济众
博濟醫院／博济医院
史瓦濟蘭同惡相濟／史瓦济兰同恶相济
同濟／同济 (tóngjì)
同舟共濟／同舟共济 (tóngzhōugòngjì)
同舟而濟／同舟而济
同船濟水／同船济水
周濟／周济 (zhōujì)
命運兩濟／命运两济
和衷共濟／和衷共济 (hézhōnggòngjì)
失業救濟／失业救济
存濟／存济
安濟坊／安济坊
寬猛相濟／宽猛相济
幹濟／干济
康濟／康济
康濟錄／康济录
得濟／得济
恩威並濟／恩威并济
慈濟大學／慈济大学
懸壺濟世／悬壶济世 (xuánhújìshì)
才能幹濟／才能干济

扶傾濟弱／扶倾济弱
扶危濟困／扶危济困
拔刀相濟／拔刀相济
拔濟／拔济
拔濟火宅／拔济火宅
拯溺濟危／拯溺济危
振貧濟乏／振贫济乏
捐軀濟難／捐躯济难
接濟／接济 (jiējì)
撥亂濟危／拨乱济危
撥亂濟時／拨乱济时
救濟／救济 (jiùjì)
救濟金／救济金 (jiùjìjīn)
救濟院／救济院
文武兼濟／文武兼济
斐濟／斐济 (Fěijì)
方濟谷派／方济谷派
於事無濟／于事无济
時運不濟／时运不济 (shíyùnbùjì)
普濟寺／普济寺
普濟眾生／普济众生
普濟群生／普济群生
本事不濟／本事不济
永濟渠／永济渠
津濟／津济
濟世／济世 (jìshì)
濟世之才／济世之才
濟世匡時／济世匡时
濟世安人／济世安人
濟世安民／济世安民
濟世安邦／济世安邦
濟世愛民／济世爱民
濟世救人／济世救人
濟世經邦／济世经邦
濟事／济事 (jìshì)
濟人／济人
濟人利物／济人利物
濟公傳／济公传
濟公活佛／济公活佛
濟助／济助
濟勝之具／济胜之具
濟困扶危／济困扶危
濟寒賑貧／济寒赈贫
濟州／济州 (Jìzhōu)
濟度／济度
濟弱扶傾／济弱扶倾
濟弱扶危／济弱扶危
濟弱鋤強／济弱锄强

濟急／济急
濟惠／济惠
濟惡／济恶
濟拔／济拔
濟時拯世／济时拯世
濟時行道／济时行道
濟河焚舟／济河焚舟
濟渡／济渡
濟生／济生
濟美／济美
濟苦憐貧／济苦怜贫
濟貧／济贫 (jìpín)
濟貧拔苦／济贫拔苦
濟顛／济颠
災害救濟／灾害救济
無存濟／无存济
無濟於事／无济于事 (wújìyúshì)
無濟無主／无济无主
爛不濟／烂不济
痊濟／痊济
百濟／百济 (Bǎijì)
相濟／相济 (xiāngjì)
社會救濟／社会救济
經世濟民／经世济民 (jīngshìjìmín)
經國濟民／经国济民
經濟／经济 (jīngjì)
經綸濟世／经纶济世
緩不濟急／缓不济急 (huǎnbùjìjí)
緩急相濟／缓急相济
自力救濟／自力救济
蔣濟／蒋济
行政救濟／行政救济
表裡相濟／表里相济
賑濟／赈济 (zhènjì)
賑窮濟乏／赈穷济乏
賙濟／赒济
通濟渠／通济渠
道濟／道济
道濟天下／道济天下
開濟／开济
難存濟／难存济
額濟納河／额济纳河
額爾濟斯河／额尔济斯河
養濟／养济
養濟院／养济院
首尾共濟／首尾共济
鳳毛濟美／凤毛济美

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jǐ (ji³)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zai²
Min Nan (POJ): ché / chè

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jǐ
  - Wade–Giles: chi³
  - Yale: jǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jii
  - Palladius: цзи (czi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zai²
  - Yale: jái
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzai²
  - Guangdong Romanization: zei²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɐi̯³⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ché
  - Tâi-lô: tsé
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zea
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡se⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡se⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chè
  - Tâi-lô: tsè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zex
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡se²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡se⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: /t͡sei^X/

Rime
Character	濟
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	子禮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sei^X/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sei^X/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sɛi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sɛj^X/
Li Rong	/t͡sei^X/
Wang Li	/t͡siei^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡siei^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zai²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤ[i]jʔ/, /*[ts]ˤəjʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ʔsliːlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	濟	濟	濟
Reading #	1/5	2/5	3/5
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jǐ	jǐ	jǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ tsej^X ›	‹ tsej^X ›	‹ tsej^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]ˁ[i]jʔ/	/*[ts]ˁəjʔ/	/*[ts]ˁəjʔ/
English	numerous	stately	[river name]
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	濟
Reading #	1/2
No.	10043
Phonetic component	齊
Rime group	脂
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	濟
Old Chinese	/*ʔsliːlʔ/

Definitions

濟

(～水) Ji River
Used in 濟濟／济济 (jǐjǐ, “horde of people; multitude”).

Compounds

Derived terms from 濟

人才濟濟／人才济济 (réncáijǐjǐ)
濟南／济南 (Jǐnán)
濟寧／济宁 (Jǐníng)
濟楚／济楚
濟水／济水 (Jǐ Shuǐ)

濟濟／济济 (jǐjǐ)
濟濟一堂／济济一堂 (jǐjǐyītáng)
濟濟多士／济济多士
濟濟彬彬／济济彬彬

濟濟鏘鏘／济济锵锵
衣冠濟楚／衣冠济楚
衣冠濟濟／衣冠济济
蹡蹡濟濟／𬧀𬧀济济

Etymology 3

trad.		濟
simp.		济
alternative forms		多㩼 chiefly Teochew 穧／𰨦侈儕／侪多㩼 chiefly Teochew 穧／𰨦侈儕／侪価眾／众嚌／哜𧪇䜞諸／诸

Yue-Hashimoto (1976) relates it to Proto-Tai *ʰlaːjᴬ (“many; much”), whence Zhuang lai. This Tai word is probably related to 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Min Bei (KCR): cāi
Min Dong (BUC): sâ̤
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chōe / chē / chǒe / chēre
(Teochew, Peng'im): zoi⁷

Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cāi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sai⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sâ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Philippines, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chōe
  - Tâi-lô: tsuē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zoe
  - IPA (Lukang): /t͡sue³¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen, Singapore): /t͡sue²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sue³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡sue⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chē
  - Tâi-lô: tsē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ze
  - IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /t͡se³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡se²²/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chǒe
  - Tâi-lô: tsuě
  - IPA (Lukang): /t͡sue³³/
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chēre
  - Tâi-lô: tserē
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zoi⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsōi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡soi¹¹/

Definitions

濟

(Min) many; much

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 多 (“many; much”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		多, 夥
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		多
Mandarin	Beijing	多
	Taiwan	多
	Harbin	多
	Yantai (Muping)	多
	Jinan	多
	Luoyang	多
	Wanrong	多
	Xi'an	多
	Yinchuan	多
	Lanzhou	多
	Xining	多
	Ürümqi	多, 托洛
	Wuhan	多
	Chengdu	多
	Guiyang	多
	Liuzhou	多
	Yangzhou	多
	Nanjing	多, 歹
	Hefei	多
	Malaysia	多
	Singapore	多
Cantonese	Guangzhou	多
	Hong Kong	多
	Taishan	多
	Dongguan	多
	Yangjiang	多
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	多
	Singapore (Guangfu)	多
Gan	Nanchang	多
	Lichuan	多
	Pingxiang	多
Hakka	Meixian	多
	Changting	多
	Wuping	多
	Liancheng	多
	Ninghua	多
	Yudu	多
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	多
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	多
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	多
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	多
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	多
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	多
	Singapore (Dabu)	多
Huizhou	Jixi	多
Jin	Taiyuan	多
Jin	Xinzhou	多
Min Bei	Jian'ou	濟
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	濟
	Songxi	濟
	Zhenghe	濟
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	濟
	Jianyang	濟
	Jianyang (Huangkeng)	夥
	Wuyishan	濟
	Pucheng (Shibei)	濟
Min Dong	Fuzhou	濟
	Changle	濟
	Fuqing	濟
	Pingtan	濟
	Yongtai	濟
	Minqing	濟
	Gutian	濟
	Pingnan	濟
	Luoyuan	濟
	Fu'an	濟
	Ningde	濟
	Xiapu	濟
	Zherong	濟
	Shouning	濟
	Zhouning	濟
	Fuding	濟
	Matsu	濟
	Singapore (Fuqing)	濟
Min Nan	Xiamen	濟, 加
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	濟
	Quanzhou	濟
	Jinjiang	濟
	Nan'an	濟
	Shishi	濟
	Hui'an	濟
	Anxi	濟
	Yongchun	濟
	Dehua	濟
	Zhangzhou	濟
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	濟
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	濟
	Hua'an	濟
	Nanjing	濟
	Pinghe	濟
	Zhangpu	濟
	Yunxiao	濟
	Zhao'an	濟
	Dongshan	濟
	Taipei	濟
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	濟
	Kaohsiung	濟
	Yilan	濟
	Changhua (Lukang)	濟
	Taichung	濟
	Tainan	濟
	Hsinchu	濟
	Kinmen	濟
	Penghu (Magong)	濟
	Penang (Hokkien)	濟
	Singapore (Hokkien)	濟
	Manila (Hokkien)	濟
	Longyan	濟
	Zhangping	濟
	Datian	濟
	Chaozhou	濟, 加
	Shantou	濟
	Shantou (Chenghai)	濟
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	濟
	Jieyang	濟
	Haifeng	濟
	Singapore (Teochew)	濟
	Pontianak (Teochew)	濟
	Leizhou	濟
	Wenchang	濟
	Haikou	濟
	Qionghai	濟
	Singapore (Hainanese)	濟
Puxian Min	Putian	濟
Puxian Min	Xianyou	濟
Min Zhong	Yong'an	濟
	Sanyuan	濟
	Shaxian	濟
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	多
Wu	Shanghai	多
	Shanghai (Chongming)	多
	Suzhou	多
	Danyang	多
	Hangzhou	多
	Ningbo	多
	Wenzhou	多
	Jinhua	多
Xiang	Changsha	多
	Loudi	多
	Shuangfeng	多

Compounds

Derived terms from 濟

上濟／上济
偌濟／偌济 (gōa-chē)

濟少／济少
濟彌滿／济弥满

濟濟／济济 (jǐjǐ)
濟話／济话

References

“濟”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02354
“臺灣閩南語按呢寫 (Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí Án-ne Siá) #305”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan], Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
“Entry #12239”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
劉建仁 (2012-04-29), “濟•多（tse⊦／tsue⊦）──多”, in 台灣話的語源與理據‎ (in Chinese), retrieved 2016-08-21

Japanese

Shinjitai	済
Kyūjitai	濟

Kanji

濟

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 済)

Kyūjitai form of 済

Readings

Go-on: さい (sai)
Kan-on: せい (sei)
Kun: すむ (sumu, 濟む)

Korean

Etymology

“to help; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC t͡sei^H).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〮 (Yale: cyéy^?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	거느〮릴〯 졔〯 / 건널〮 졔〯	Recorded as Middle Korean 졔〯 (cyěy) (Yale: cyěy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Early Modern Korean
Text	Final (韻)	Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751	건널 졔	Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

“many”

From Middle Chinese 濟 (MC t͡sei^X).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	Recorded as Middle Korean 졩〯 (Yale: cyěy^?) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Early Modern Korean
Text	Final (韻)	Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751	셩ᄒᆞᆯ 졔	Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졔 (Yale: cyey) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕe̞(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [제(ː)]
- Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource濟 (eumhun 건널 제 (geonneol je))

Hanja form^? of 제 (“to help; to aid; to relieve”).
(literary) Hanja form^? of 제 (“to cross a river”).
(literary) Hanja form^? of 제 (“many”).
제제 (濟濟) ― jeje ― (of people) many

Compounds

제도 (濟度, jedo)
제민 (濟民, jemin)
제빈 (濟貧, jebin)
제생 (濟生, jesaeng)
제세 (濟世, jese)
제제 (濟濟, jeje)
제주 (濟州, Jeju)
제중 (濟衆, jejung)
제화 (濟化, jehwa)
개제 (皆濟, gaeje)
경제 (經濟, gyeongje)
광제 (廣濟, gwangje)
구제 (救濟, guje)
백제 (百濟, Baekje)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

濟: Hán Việt readings: tế (子(tử)禮(lễ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4]
濟: Nôm readings: tế[1][3][5]

chữ Hán form of tế (“to help; to aid; to relieve”).

Compounds

濟州 (Tế Châu)
百濟 (Bách Tế)
救濟 (cứu tế)
經濟 (kinh tế)
醫濟 (y tế)

References

Nguyễn et al. (2009).
Trần (2004).
Bonet (1899).
Génibrel (1898).
Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[tdcntd-1] Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-2] Trần (2004).

[bonet-3] Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-4] Génibrel (1898).

[taberd-5] Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

濟

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

Related characters

Further reading

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Definitions

Compounds

Pronunciation

Definitions

Compounds

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Definitions

Synonyms

Compounds

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Korean

Etymology

Pronunciation

Hanja

Compounds

References

Vietnamese

Han character

Compounds

References