準

See also: 准 and 凖

準	U+6E96, 準 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E96

← 溕
[U+6E95]

CJK Unified Ideographs

溗 →
[U+6E97]

Translingual

Han character

準 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水土十 (EGJ), four-corner 3040₁, composition ⿱淮十)

Derived characters

𠿶𢶥𦡤𨆒

References

KangXi: page 639, character 24

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17934

Dae Jaweon: page 1046, character 15

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1700, character 5

Unihan data for U+6E96

Chinese

trad.		準
simp.		准^*
alternative forms		凖准淮

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (隼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
隼	*sqʰʷinʔ
榫	*sqʰʷinʔ
准	*qʷjinʔ
準	qʷjinʔ, qʷjed

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qʷjinʔ, *qʷjed) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 隼 (OC *sqʰʷinʔ) – “water level”.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhǔn (zhun³)
(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄣˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zeon², zyut³
(Taishan, Wiktionary): zun²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chún
Jin (Wiktionary): zung²
Min Dong (BUC): cūng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chún
(Teochew, Peng'im): zung²
Wu (Wiktionary): tsen (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhǔn
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhǔn
  - Wade–Giles: chun³
  - Yale: jwǔn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joen
  - Palladius: чжунь (čžunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂwən²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zeon², zyut³
  - Yale: jéun, jyut
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoen², dzyt⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: zên², jud³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃɵn³⁵/, /t͡ʃyːt̚³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: zun²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sun⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chún
  - Hakka Romanization System: zun`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zun³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sun³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zung²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sũŋ⁵³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cūng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suŋ³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chún
  - Tâi-lô: tsún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zuon
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sun⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sun⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sun⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sun⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sun⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zung²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsúng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suŋ⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tsen (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡səɲ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕiuɪn^X/, /t͡ɕiuᴇt̚/

Rime
Character	準	準
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	諄 (47)	仙 (82)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	之尹切	職悅切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiuɪn^X/	/t͡ɕiuᴇt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕʷin^X/	/t͡ɕʷiɛt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕjuen^X/	/t͡ɕjuæt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cwin^X/	/cwiat̚/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiuĕn^X/	/t͡ɕiuɛt̚/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭuĕn^X/	/t͡ɕĭuɛt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯uĕn^X/	/t͡ɕi̯wɛt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǔn	zhuo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zeon²	zyut³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*turʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*qʷjinʔ/, /*qʷjed/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	準
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǔn
Middle Chinese	‹ tsywin^X ›
Old Chinese	/*turʔ/
English	water-level
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	準	準
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	12189	12190
Phonetic component	隼	隼
Rime group	眞	月
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	準	拙
Old Chinese	/*qʷjinʔ/	/*qʷjed/
Notes		通出頁見漢書

Definitions

準

^† water-level; flat; level
(historical) water level (measuring instrument)
standard; criterion; norm
標準／标准 ― biāozhǔn ― standard, norm
準則／准则 ― zhǔnzé ― standard, norm
基準／基准 ― jīzhǔn ― norm, reference frame
accurate; exact
這塊手錶很準。／这块手表很准。 ― Zhè kuài shǒubiǎo hěn zhǔn. ― This watch keeps time very well.
他的槍法真準，一個移動靶都沒有漏射。 [MSC, trad.]
他的枪法真准，一个移动靶都没有漏射。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā de qiāngfǎ zhēn zhǔn, yī ge yídòng bǎ dōu méi yǒu lòu shè. [Pinyin]
He is good with a gun, he doesn't miss any moving target.
certainly; surely
那準不對。／那准不对。 ― Nà zhǔn bù duì. ― That is definitely wrong.
他準是開玩笑，要不就是瘋了。 [MSC, trad.]
他准是开玩笑，要不就是疯了。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā zhǔn shì kāi wánxiào, yàobù jiù shì fēng le. [Pinyin]
He must be joking or else he's mad.
quasi-; pene-; para-

Compounds

Derived terms from 準

一準／一准 (yīzhǔn)
三準／三准
不作準／不作准 (bùzuòzhǔn)
不準／不准 (bùzhǔn)
不當準／不当准
低標準／低标准
侵蝕基準／侵蚀基准
價值標準／价值标准
合準／合准
國家標準／国家标准 (guójiā biāozhǔn)
國際水準／国际水准
國際準備／国际准备
基準／基准 (jīzhǔn)
基準兵／基准兵
基準面／基准面
基準點／基准点 (jīzhǔndiǎn)
定準／定准
對準／对准 (duìzhǔn)
平準／平准
平準基金／平准基金
憑準／凭准 (píngzhǔn)
抱負水準／抱负水准
掠準／掠准 (lia̍h-chún) (Min Nan)
推情準理／推情准理
文化水準／文化水准
有準兒／有准儿
校準／校准 (jiàozhǔn)
標準／标准 (biāozhǔn)

標準元音／标准元音
標準制／标准制
標準動作／标准动作
標準字體／标准字体
標準時／标准时 (biāozhǔnshí)
標準時區／标准时区 (biāozhǔn shíqū)
標準時間／标准时间 (biāozhǔn shíjiān)
標準桿／标准杆
標準舞／标准舞
標準語／标准语 (biāozhǔnyǔ)
標準鏡頭／标准镜头
標準音／标准音 (biāozhǔnyīn)
水準／水准 (shuǐzhǔn)
水準儀／水准仪
水準器／水准器 (shuǐzhǔnqì)
水準測量／水准测量
沒有準兒／没有准儿
沒準／没准
沒準兒／没准儿 (méizhǔnr)
沒準頭／没准头
準保／准保 (zhǔnbǎo)
準備／准备 (zhǔnbèi)
準備金／准备金 (zhǔnbèijīn)
準兒／准儿 (zhǔnr)
準則／准则 (zhǔnzé)
準平原／准平原
準式／准式
準據／准据

準擬／准拟 (zhǔnnǐ)
準星／准星 (zhǔnxīng)
準時／准时 (zhǔnshí)
準的／准的
準矱／准矱
準確／准确 (zhǔnquè)
準確度／准确度 (zhǔnquèdù)
準線／准线 (zhǔnxiàn)
準繩／准绳 (zhǔnshéng)
準話／准话
準譜兒／准谱儿
準貨幣／准货币
準頭／准头
準點／准点
生活水準／生活水准 (shēnghuó shuǐzhǔn)
看準／看准
瞄準／瞄准 (miáozhǔn)
精準／精准 (jīngzhǔn)
職業水準／职业水准
若準／若准 (nā-chún)
蜂準／蜂准
規矩準繩／规矩准绳
認準／认准 (rènzhǔn)
隆準／隆准
音準／音准
高標準／高标准
鵝準／鹅准
鼻準／鼻准 (bízhǔn)

Japanese

Kanji

準

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

conform
semi-, quasi-
correspond to
proportionate to
imitate

Readings

Go-on: しゅん (shun)^{←しゆん (syun, historical)}; せち (sechi)^{←せち (seti, historical)}
Kan-on: しゅん (shun)^{←しゆん (syun, historical)}; せつ (setsu)^{←せつ (setu, historical)}
Kan’yō-on: じゅん (jun, Jōyō)^{←じゆん (zyun, historical)}
Kun: ひとしい (hitoshii, 準); みずもり (mizumori, みずもり)^{←みづもり (midumori, historical)}; のり (nori, 準)

Compounds

準(じゅん)星(せい) (junsei): quasar
準(じゅん)惑(わく)星(せい) (junwakusei): dwarf planet
準(じゅん)備(び) (junbi): preparations
水(すい)準(じゅん) (suijun): level
標(ひょう)準(じゅん) (hyōjun): standard
基(き)準(じゅん) (kijun): basis

Etymology

Kanji in this term
準
じゅん Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [(d͡)ʑɨ̃ᵝɴ]

Prefix

準(じゅん) • (jun-) ^{←じゆん (zyun)^?}

second; sub-; quasi-
準一級(じゅんいっきゅう)
jun-ikkyū
level pre-1
準優勝(じゅんゆうしょう)
jun-yūshō
second place

Proper noun

準(ひとし) • (Hitoshi)

a male given name

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 準 (MC t͡ɕiuɪn^X).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 쥰〯 (Yale: cyǔn) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 凖 (凖)/쥰〮 (cyún)^訓 (Yale: cyún) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527. Recorded as Middle Korean 쥰 (cyun)^訓 (Yale: cyun) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕu(ː)n]
Phonetic hangul: [준(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource準 (eumhun 준할 준 (junhal jun))

Hanja form^? of 준 (“standard”).

Compounds

준용 (準用, junyong)
평준 (平準, pyeongjun)
조준 (照準, jojun)
비준 (批准, bijun)
인준 (認准, injun)
기준 (基準, gijun, “standard”)
표준 (標準, pyojun, “standard”)
준비 (準備, junbi, “preparation”)
수준 (水準, sujun, “level”)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 準 (MC t͡ɕiuᴇt̚).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᄌᆑᇙ〮 (Yale: cyuyelq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졀 (Yale: cyel) in Samun Seonghwi (三韻聲彙 / 삼운성휘), 1751.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹ɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [절]

Hanja

準 (eumhun 콧마루 절 (konmaru jeol))

(archaic) Hanja form^? of 절 (“nose bridge”).

Compounds

절두 (準頭, jeoldu)
응절 (鷹準, eungjeol)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

準: Hán Nôm readings: chuẩn, choán, chốn, chủn, trúng, trốn

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