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单词 源
释义

源

See also: 厵
源 U+6E90, 源
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E90
← 溏
[U+6E8F]		CJK Unified Ideographs溑 →
[U+6E91]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

源 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水一竹火 (EMHF), four-corner 31196, composition ⿰氵原)

Derived characters

  • 𡀶, 𪒳, 𢢵

References

  • KangXi: page 639, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17926
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1046, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1697, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+6E90

Chinese

simp. and trad.
源
2nd round simp.沅
alternative forms原
厵
厡

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (原) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
羱*ŋʷaːn, *ŋʷan
豲*ɦŋʷaːn
謜*sŋ̊ʰʷan, *ŋʷan
縓*sŋ̊ʰʷan, *sŋ̊ʰʷans
原*ŋʷan
源*ŋʷan
厵*ŋʷan
嫄*ŋʷan
騵*ŋʷan
榞*ŋʷan
獂*ŋʷan
蒝*ŋʷan
願*ŋʷans
傆*ŋʷans
愿*ŋʷans

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋʷan) and ideogrammic compound (會意) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan, “origin”).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): yuán (yuan2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun4
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): ngièn / ngiàn
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ngian2
  • Min Bei (KCR): ngṳ̂ing
  • Min Dong (BUC): nguòng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): goân
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nguang5 / nguêng5
  • Wu (Wiktionary): nyoe (T3)
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
      • Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
      • Wade–Giles: yüan2
      • Yale: ywán
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
      • Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɥɛn³⁵/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: jyun4
      • Yale: yùhn
      • Cantonese Pinyin: jyn4
      • Guangdong Romanization: yun4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /jyːn²¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngièn
      • Hakka Romanization System: ngienˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ngian2
      • Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯en¹¹/
    • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiàn
      • Hakka Romanization System: ngianˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ngian2
      • Sinological IPA: /ɲi̯an¹¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ngian2
      • Sinological IPA: /ɲian¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngṳ̂ing
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋyiŋ³³/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: nguòng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋuoŋ⁵³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: goân
      • Tâi-lô: guân
      • Phofsit Daibuun: goaan
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /ɡuan²⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡuan¹³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡuan²³/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: nguang5 / nguêng5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nguâng / nguêng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋuaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋueŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • nguang5 - Shantou;
  • nguêng5 - Chaozhou.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: nyoe (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲø²³/
  • Middle Chinese: /ŋʉɐn/
Rime
Character源
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)疑 (31)
Final (韻)元 (66)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Closed
Division (等)III
Fanqie愚袁切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/ŋʉɐn/
Pan
Wuyun		/ŋʷiɐn/
Shao
Rongfen		/ŋiuɐn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/ŋuan/
Li
Rong		/ŋiuɐn/
Wang
Li		/ŋĭwɐn/
Bernard
Karlgren		/ŋi̯wɐn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		yuán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		jyun4
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-ɢʷar/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷan/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character源
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		yuán
Middle
Chinese		‹ ngjwon ›
Old
Chinese		/*N-ɢʷar/
Englishspring, source

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character源
Reading #1/1
No.16187
Phonetic
component		原
Rime
group		元
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		元
Old
Chinese		/*ŋʷan/
Notes原之轉註字

Definitions

源

  1. source of a river; headwaters; headspring; fountainhead
  2. source; origin; root
  3. a surname

Synonyms

  • (source of a river): 水源 (shuǐyuán), 源頭／源头 (yuántóu)
  • (source):
edit
Synonyms of 源

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (源):
  • → Japanese: 源(げん) (gen)
  • → Korean: 원(源) (won)
  • → Vietnamese: nguyên (源)

Compounds

Derived terms from 源

Japanese

Kanji

源

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: ごん (gon)
  • Kan-on: げん (gen, Jōyō)←げん (gen, historical)←ぐゑん (gwen, ancient)
  • Kan’yō-on: がん (gan)←ぐわん (gwan, historical)
  • Kun: みなもと (minamoto, 源, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: はじめ (hajime); もと (moto); よし (yoshi)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
源
みなもと
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

Derived from 水 (mi, “water”, combining form) +‎ な (na, Old Japanese possessive particle) +‎ 元, 本 (moto, “origin, source”).[1][2]

Vovin believes that the na in the initial mina- element is not a genitive particle, but rather actually meant "water", contending that the mi was instead the honorific prefix 御 (mi-).[3]

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) みなもと [mìnámótó] (Heiban – [0])[2]
    • IPA(key): [mʲina̠mo̞to̞]

Noun

源(みなもと) • (minamoto) 

  1. a fountainhead (source of a river)
    Synonym: 水源 (suigen)
  2. a source, origin
    Synonyms: 起源 (kigen), 根源 (kongen), 本源 (hongen)

Proper noun

源(みなもと) • (Minamoto) 

  1. a surname, especially those who are descendants of Emperor Saga

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
源
げん
Grade: 6
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 源 (MC ŋʉɐn).

Noun

源(げん) • (gen) 

  1. a source, origin

Affix

源(げん) • (gen) 

  1. fountainhead
  2. source, origin
  3. Short for 源氏 (Genji): Minamoto clan
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 源(げん)委(い) (gen'i)
  • 源(げん)氏(じ) (Genji)
  • 源(げん)泉(せん) (gensen)
  • 源(げん)平(ぺい)藤(とう)橘(きつ) (Genpeitōkitsu)
  • 源(げん)流(りゅう) (genryū)
  • 淵(えん)源(げん) (engen)
  • 起(き)源(げん) (kigen)
  • 語(ご)源(げん) (gogen)
  • 根(こん)源(げん) (kongen)
  • 光(こう)源(げん) (kōgen)
  • 財(ざい)源(げん) (zaigen)
  • 資(し)源(げん) (shigen)
  • 字(じ)源(げん) (jigen)
  • 震(しん)源(げん) (shingen)
  • 塞(そく)源(げん) (sokugen)
  • 電(でん)源(げん) (dengen)
  • 同(どう)源(げん) (dōgen)
  • 病(びょう)源(げん) (byōgen)
  • 本(ほん)源(げん) (hongen)

References

  1. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Vovin, Alexander (2012,) Man'yoshu, Book 14: A New English Translation Containing the Original Text, Kana Transliteration, Romanization, Glossing and Commentary, Brill, page 57

Korean

Hanja

源 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)

  1. a spring
  2. source

Vietnamese

Han character

源: Hán Nôm readings: nguồn, nguyên, ngùn, nguyễn

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

  • Nom Foundation
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