渤海

渤海

Chinese

		Gulf of Chili	ocean; sea
simp. and trad. (渤海)		渤	海
alternative forms		勃海

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Description of the origins of the term”)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Bó Hǎi

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): but⁶ hoi²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Bó Hǎi
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Bó Hǎi
    • Wade–Giles: Po² Hai³
    • Yale: Bwó Hǎi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Bor Hae
    • Palladius: Бо Хай (Bo Xaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pwɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: but⁶ hoi²
    • Yale: buht hói
    • Cantonese Pinyin: but⁹ hoi²
    • Guangdong Romanization: bud⁶ hoi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /buət̚  hʌi^X/

Rime
Character	渤	海
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	魂 (56)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	蒲没切	呼改切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/buət̚/	/hʌiX/
Pan Wuyun	/buot̚/	/həiX/
Shao Rongfen	/buət̚/	/xɒiX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bwət̚/	/həjX/
Li Rong	/buət̚/	/xᴀiX/
Wang Li	/buət̚/	/xɒiX/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱuət̚/	/xɑ̆iX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bó	hǎi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	but6	hoi2

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*bɯːd  hmlɯːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	海
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hǎi
Middle Chinese	‹ xojX ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-)
English	sea
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	渤	海
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	986	9283
Phonetic component	孛	母
Rime group	物	之
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	勃	海
Old Chinese	/*bɯːd/	/*hmlɯːʔ/

Proper noun

渤海

1. Bohai Sea
2. (～郡) (historical) Bohai Commandery
3. (～國) (historical) Balhae (multi-ethnic kingdom in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula)

Synonyms

• (Bohai Sea):
  • 北海 (Běihǎi)
  • 渤澥

Derived terms

渤海海峽／渤海海峡 (Bóhǎi Hǎixiá) 渤海灣／渤海湾 (Bóhǎiwān)

環渤海／环渤海 (huánbóhǎi)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (渤海):

• → Japanese: 渤海(ぼっかい) (Bokkai)
• → Korean: 발해(渤海) (Balhae)
• → Vietnamese: Bột Hải (渤海)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
渤	海
ぼつ > ぼっ Hyōgaiji	かい Grade: 2
kan’yōon	on’yomi

Alternative spellings
渤海 (kyūjitai) 勃海

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
• IPA^(key): [bo̞k̚ka̠i]

Proper noun

渤(ぼっ)海(かい) • (Bokkai) 

1. a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae
2. the Bohai Sea

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Korean

Hanja in this term
渤	海

Proper noun

渤海 • (Balhae) (hangeul 발해)

1. Hanja form^? of 발해 (“Balhae”).

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Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
渤	海

Proper noun

渤海

1. chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“the Bohai Sea”).
2. chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae”).