涼

See also: 凉

涼	U+6DBC, 涼 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DBC

← 涻
[U+6DBB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

涽 →
[U+6DBD]

Translingual

Han character

涼 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水卜口火 (EYRF), four-corner 3019₆, composition ⿰氵京)

References

KangXi: page 628, character 24

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17606

Dae Jaweon: page 1030, character 13

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1657, character 6

Unihan data for U+6DBC

Chinese

trad.		涼
simp.		凉
alternative forms		鿌凉

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 涼
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (京) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
涼	ɡ·raŋ, ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs
凉	*ɡ·raŋ
椋	*ɡ·raŋ
綡	*ɡ·raŋ
輬	*ɡ·raŋ
諒	*ɡ·raŋs
掠	ɡ·raŋs, ɡ·raɡ
弶	*ɡaŋs
京	*kraŋ
麖	*kraŋ
鶁	*kraŋ
景	*kraŋʔ
鯨	*ɡraŋ
黥	*ɡraŋ
勍	*ɡraŋ
剠	*ɡraŋ
倞	*ɡraŋs
影	*qraŋʔ
璟	qraŋʔ, kʷraŋʔ
憬	*kʷraŋʔ
暻	*kʷraŋʔ
澋	*ɡʷraːŋʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-glak ~ m-glaŋ (“cold; freeze”). Cognate with 霜 (OC *sraŋ, “frost”), Tibetan གྲང་ (grang, “cold”). According to Schuessler (2007), this etymon seems to have a wider distribution: Compare Austroasiatic Kharia raŋga (“cold; freeeze”), Khmer រងា (rɔngiə, “cold”).

A derivative is probably 凔 (OC *sʰaːŋ, “cold”). A vocalic variant is 冷 (OC *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ, “cold”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): liáng (liang²)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˊ
(Chengdu, SP): niang²
Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): liòng
(Meixian, Guangdong): liong²
Jin (Wiktionary): lion¹
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): liâng / liông / niû / niô͘
(Teochew, Peng'im): liang⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): lian (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liáng
  - Wade–Giles: liang²
  - Yale: lyáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liang
  - Palladius: лян (ljan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɑŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: niang²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: liang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niaŋ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: loeng⁴
  - Yale: lèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: lêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lœːŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: liongˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: liong²
  - Sinological IPA: /li̯oŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: liong²
  - Sinological IPA: /liɔŋ¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: lion¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /liɒ̃¹¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâng
  - Tâi-lô: liâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liaang
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /liaŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liaŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liaŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liông
  - Tâi-lô: liông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lioong
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ²³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /liɔŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niû
  - Tâi-lô: niû
  - Phofsit Daibuun: niuu
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /niũ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /niũ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niô͘
  - Tâi-lô: niôo
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /niɔ̃¹³/

Note:

liâng - literary (cool, free from worry, heat-preventing in Zhangzhou);
liông - literary (heat-preventing in Quanzhou and Xiamen);
niû/niô͘ - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: liang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: liâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liaŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: lian (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liã²³/

Middle Chinese: /lɨɐŋ/

Rime
Character	涼
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	呂章切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/liɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/liɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/liaŋ/
Wang Li	/lĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	loeng⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.raŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	涼
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	liáng
Middle Chinese	‹ ljang ›
Old Chinese	/*C.raŋ/
English	cold
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	涼
Reading #	1/3
No.	6818
Phonetic component	京
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·raŋ/

Definitions

涼

cool; cold
discouraged; disheartened
forlorn
(traditional Chinese medicine) heat-preventing
(slang, neologism) be done for; be finished or destroyed; gone for the dogs; curtains (for someone)
都散了吧，Flash平臺已涼！ [MSC, trad.]
都散了吧，Flash平台已凉！ [MSC, simp.]
Dōu sàn le ba, Flash píngtái yǐ liáng! [Pinyin]
[Let's] all go away; Flash platform is already dead!
作為手機系統的webOS早就涼透了！ [MSC, trad.]
作为手机系统的webOS早就凉透了！ [MSC, simp.]
Zuòwéi shǒujī xìtǒng de webOS zǎojiù liáng tòu le! [Pinyin]
webOS as a cell phone OS is dead thoroughly long since!
(Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) free from worry; congenial

Compounds

Derived terms from 涼

一斛涼州／一斛凉州
世態炎涼／世态炎凉 (shìtàiyánliáng)
乘涼／乘凉 (chéngliáng)
五涼／五凉
冒涼腔／冒凉腔
冬暖夏涼／冬暖夏凉 (dōngnuǎnxiàliáng)
冰涼／冰凉 (bīngliáng)
前涼／前凉 (Qiánliáng)
北涼／北凉 (Běiliáng)
南涼／南凉 (Nánliáng)
受涼／受凉 (shòuliáng)
天末涼風／天末凉风
嫩涼／嫩凉
寒涼／寒凉 (hánliáng)
後涼／后凉 (Hòuliáng)
心靜自然涼／心静自然凉 (xīn jìng zìrán liáng)
悲涼／悲凉 (bēiliáng)
悽涼／凄凉
扇涼翅兒／扇凉翅儿
招涼／招凉
搭涼篷／搭凉篷
新涼／新凉
暄涼／暄凉
樹涼兒／树凉儿
歇涼／歇凉
沁涼／沁凉
沁涼如水／沁凉如水
沖涼／冲凉 (chōngliáng)
涼了／凉了
涼了半截／凉了半截
涼亭／凉亭 (liángtíng)

涼勢／凉势 (liâng-sè) (Min Nan)
涼友／凉友
涼夏／凉夏
涼帽／凉帽
涼德／凉德
涼快／凉快 (liángkuài)
涼意／凉意 (liángyì)
涼拌／凉拌 (liángbàn)
涼月／凉月
涼棚／凉棚 (liángpéng)
涼森森／凉森森
涼椅／凉椅
涼榻／凉榻
涼氣／凉气
涼水／凉水 (liángshuǐ)
涼水河／凉水河 (Liángshuǐhé)
涼涼／凉凉 (liángliáng)
涼爽／凉爽 (liángshuǎng)
涼爽羊毛／凉爽羊毛
涼珊珊／凉珊珊
涼皮／凉皮 (liángpí)
涼碟／凉碟
涼篷／凉篷
涼篷船／凉篷船
涼粉／凉粉 (liángfěn)
涼絲絲／凉丝丝
涼臺／凉台 (liángtái)
涼茶／凉茶 (liángchá)
涼蓆／凉席 (liángxí)
涼薄／凉薄 (liángbó)
涼薯／凉薯 (liángshǔ)

涼藥／凉药
涼血／凉血 (liángxuè)
涼衫／凉衫
涼霧／凉雾 (Liángwù)
涼鞋／凉鞋 (liángxié)
涼風／凉风 (liángfēng)
涼颼颼／凉飕飕 (liángsōusōu)
涼麵／凉面 (liángmiàn)
淒涼／凄凉 (qīliáng)
清涼／清凉 (qīngliáng)
清涼油／清凉油
滿心蒼涼／满心苍凉
滿目荒涼／满目荒凉
炎涼／炎凉 (yánliáng)
炎涼世態／炎凉世态
甘涼／甘凉
秋涼／秋凉 (qiūliáng)
納涼／纳凉 (nàliáng)
艮苦冰涼／艮苦冰凉
荒涼／荒凉 (huāngliáng)
著涼／着凉 (zháoliáng)
蒼涼／苍凉 (cāngliáng)
蔭涼／荫凉
西涼／西凉 (Xīliáng)
說風涼話／说风凉话
踽踽涼涼／踽踽凉凉
透心涼／透心凉
逐涼／逐凉
陰涼／阴凉 (yīnliáng)
風涼／风凉 (fēngliáng)
風涼話／风凉话 (fēngliánghuà)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): liàng (liang⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): loeng⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: liàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: liàng
  - Wade–Giles: liang⁴
  - Yale: lyàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lianq
  - Palladius: лян (ljan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ljɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: loeng⁶
  - Yale: leuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: loeng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: lêng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lœːŋ²²/

Middle Chinese: /lɨɐŋ^H/

Rime
Character	涼
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力讓切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/liɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/liɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɨaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/liaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/lĭaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯aŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	liàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	loeng⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	涼
Reading #	2/3
No.	6824
Phonetic component	京
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	亮
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·raŋs/

Definitions

涼

to allow (a hot object) to cool by letting it sit for a while
^† to assist

References

“Entry #7498”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Alternative forms

Kanji in this term
涼
りょう Grade: S
on’yomi

凉

Kanji

涼

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

cool, refreshing
lonely, desolate

Readings

Go-on: ろう (rō)^{←らう (rau, historical)}
Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)^{←りやう (ryau, historical)}
Kun: すずしい (suzushii, 涼しい, Jōyō); すずむ (suzumu, 涼む, Jōyō); すずやか (suzuyaka, 涼やか); うすい (usui, 涼い); さがす (sagasu, 涼す); ひやす (hiyasu, 涼す); まことに (makotoni)
Nanori: すけ (suke); りょ (ryo)

Compounds

涼意(りょうい) (ryōi)
涼陰(りょういん), 涼蔭(りょういん) (ryōin)
涼雨(りょうう) (ryōu)
涼感(りょうかん) (ryōkan)
涼気(りょうき) (ryōki), 涼(すず)気(け) (suzuke)
涼月(りょうげつ) (ryōgetsu), 涼月(りょうげつ) (Ryōgetsu)
涼州(りょうしゅう) (Ryōshū, “Liang Province”)
涼袋(りょうたい) (Ryōtai)
涼亭(りょうてい) (ryōtei)
涼飇(りょうひょう) (ryōhyō)
涼風(りょうふう) (ryōfū), 涼風(すずかぜ) (suzukaze)
涼棚(りょうほう) (ryōhō)
涼味(りょうみ) (ryōmi)
炎涼(えんりょう) (enryō)
寒涼(かんりょう)性(せい) (kanryōsei)
後涼(こうりょう) (Kōryō), 後涼(ごりょう) (Goryō)
後涼(こうりょう)殿(でん) (Kōryōden)
荒涼(こうりょう) (kōryō)
秋涼(しゅうりょう) (shūryō)
初涼(しょりょう) (shoryō)
清涼(しょうりょう) (shōryō)
新涼(しんりょう) (shinryō)
凄涼(せいりょう) (seiryō)
清涼(せいりょう) (seiryō)
清涼(せいりょう)殿(でん) (Seiryōden)
西涼(せいりょう) (Seiryō)
前涼(ぜんりょう) (Zenryō)
爽涼(そうりょう) (sōryō)
南涼(なんりょう) (Nanryō)
納涼(のうりょう) (nōryō), 納涼(どうりょう) (dōryō)
曝涼(ばくりょう) (bakuryō)
晩涼(ばんりょう) (banryō)
微涼(びりょう) (biryō)
悲涼(ひりょう) (hiryō)
北涼(ほくりょう) (Hokuryō)
夜涼(やりょう) (yaryō)
冷涼(れいりょう) (reiryō)
涼暮(すずくれ)月(づき), 涼(すず)暮(く)れ月(づき) (Suzukure-zuki)
朝涼(あさすず) (asasuzu)
夕涼(ゆうすず) (yūsuzu)

Etymology

/rɨau/ → /rjau/ → /rjɔː/ → /rjoː/

From Middle Chinese 涼 (MC lɨɐŋ, lɨɐŋ^H).

Pronunciation

On’yomi: Kan’on

(Tokyo) りょー [ryóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
IPA^(key): [ɾʲo̞ː]

Noun

涼(りょう) • (ryō) ^{←りやう (ryau)^?}

cool breeze; refreshing coolness

Derived terms

涼(りょう)を取(と)る (ryō o toru, “cool off”)

Proper noun

涼(りょう) • (Ryō) ^{←りやう (ryau)^?}

(historical) Liang, name of five of the Sixteen Kingdoms:
1. 前涼 (Zenryō, “Former Liang”, 320–376 CE)
2. 後涼 (Kōryō, Goryō, “Later Liang”, 386–403 CE)
3. 南涼 (Nanryō, “Southern Liang”, 397–414 CE)
4. 北涼 (Hokuryō, “Northern Liang”, 397–439 CE)
5. 西涼 (Seiryō, “Western Liang”, 400–421 CE)
a female given name

References

2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

涼 (eumhun 서늘할 량 (seoneulhal ryang), South Korea 서늘할 양 (seoneulhal yang))

Hanja form^? of 량/양 (“cool, cold”).
Hanja form^? of 량/양 (“disheartened”).

Vietnamese

Han character

涼: Hán Nôm readings: lương, ghềnh

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN