洞

洞	U+6D1E, 洞 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D1E

← 洝
[U+6D1D]

CJK Unified Ideographs

洟 →
[U+6D1F]

洞	U+FA05, 洞 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA05

← 宅
[U+FA04]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

暴 →
[U+FA06]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

洞 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 水月一口 (EBMR), four-corner 3712₀, composition ⿰氵同)

Derived characters

霘, 𪔦, 𢞉

References

KangXi: page 620, character 18
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17386
Dae Jaweon: page 1016, character 7
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1607, character 3
Unihan data for U+6D1E
Unihan data for U+FA05

Chinese

simp. and trad.		洞

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (同) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鮦	duʔ, doːŋ, *doŋʔ
侗	tʰoːŋ, tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ
恫	tʰoːŋ, doːŋs
痌	*tʰoːŋ
同	*doːŋ
仝	zlon, doːŋ
銅	*doːŋ
桐	*doːŋ
峒	doːŋ, doːŋs
硐	doːŋ, doːŋʔ
筒	doːŋ, doːŋs
洞	doːŋ, doːŋs
烔	*doːŋ
挏	doːŋ, doːŋʔ
酮	doːŋ, doːŋʔ
鲖
眮	doːŋ, doːŋʔ, *doːŋs
衕	doːŋ, doːŋs
哃	*doːŋ
絧	doːŋ, doːŋs
姛	*doːŋʔ
詷	doːŋʔ, doːŋs
胴	*doːŋs
駧	*doːŋs
迵	*doːŋs
戙	*doːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋ, *doːŋs) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ).

Etymology

“hole; cavity” > “penetrating; thorough; zero”: From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dwa(ː)ŋ (“hole; orifice; cave; pit; well”). Cognate with Burmese တွင်း (twang:), Tibetan དོང (dong, “deep hole; pit”) and Jingpho kha-thung (“well, pit”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): dòng (dong⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥˋ
(Chengdu, SP): dong⁴
(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дун (dun, III)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): dung⁶
(Taishan, Wiktionary): uung⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): tung⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): thung
(Meixian, Guangdong): tung⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): dung³
Min Bei (KCR): dō̤ng
Min Dong (BUC): dâe̤ng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): tōng / tāng
(Teochew, Peng'im): dang⁷ / tong⁷
Wu (Wiktionary): don (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): dong⁴ / dong⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dòng
  - Wade–Giles: tung⁴
  - Yale: dùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: donq
  - Palladius: дун (dun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: dong⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ²¹³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дун (dun, III)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuŋ⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: dung⁶
  - Yale: duhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dung⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: dung⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: uung⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɵŋ³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: tung⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰuŋ¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thung
  - Hakka Romanization System: tung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: tung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰʊŋ⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: dung³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tũŋ⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dō̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dâe̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔyŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tōng
  - Tâi-lô: tōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dong
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāng
  - Tâi-lô: tāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dang
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /taŋ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dang⁷ / tong⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tāng / thōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ¹¹/, /tʰoŋ¹¹/

Note:

dang7 - vernacular;
tong7 - literary.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: don (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥ʊŋ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: dong⁴ / dong⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /tʊŋ⁴⁵/, /tʊŋ²¹/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /tən⁴⁵/, /tən²¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 洞
Mandarin	Beijing	/tuŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/tuŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/tuŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/tuŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/təŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/tuŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/tuŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/tuə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/tuŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/tũn¹³/
	Ürümqi	/tuŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/toŋ³⁵/
	Chengdu	/toŋ¹³/
	Guiyang	/toŋ²¹³/
	Kunming	/toŋ¹/
	Nanjing	/toŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/təŋ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tuəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/tuŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/tũŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/doŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/doŋ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/doŋ¹³/
	Wenzhou	/doŋ²²/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰʌ̃²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/tan¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/toŋ⁵⁵/ /toŋ¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/dən²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰuŋ²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰuŋ⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/toŋ²²/
	Nanning	/tuŋ²²/
	Hong Kong	/tuŋ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/tɔŋ²²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/tɔyŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/tɔŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/taŋ³¹/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ʔdoŋ³³/ /ʔdoŋ²³/ ～房

Middle Chinese: /duŋ^H/

Rime
Character	洞
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒弄切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/duŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/duŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dəwŋ^H/
Li Rong	/duŋ^H/
Wang Li	/duŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dung⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*doːŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	洞
Reading #	2/2
No.	12469
Phonetic component	同
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	洞
Old Chinese	/*doːŋs/

Definitions

洞

hole; cavity; cave
(literary, or in compounds) thorough; penetrating
the numeral zero(used in radio communications in aviation and by the military)
dong, a submunicipal administrative division in North and South Korea

Synonyms

(hole):

Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		孔, 洞, 穴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴
Mandarin	Beijing	窟窿
	Jinan	窟窿
	Luoyang	窟窿
	Wanrong	窟窿
	Xi'an	窟窿子, 窟窿
	Wuhan	窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
	Chengdu	窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
	Liuzhou	窿
	Yangzhou	洞, 窟窿
	Nanjing	窟窿
	Hefei	窟窿, 洞
	Singapore	洞
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窿, 咕窿
	Hong Kong	窿, 咕窿
	Taishan	孔
	Yangjiang	窿
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	窿
	Singapore (Guangfu)	窿
Gan	Nanchang	洞
Hakka	Meixian	窿仔, 窿空仔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	空
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	空
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	空
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	空
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	空
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	空
Jin	Taiyuan	窟窿, 窟子
Min Bei	Jian'ou	川
Min Dong	Fuzhou	空空
Min Nan	Xiamen	空, 空口
	Quanzhou	空
	Zhangzhou	空口
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	空
	Taipei	空
	Penang (Hokkien)	空
	Singapore (Hokkien)	空
	Manila (Hokkien)	空
	Chaozhou	空
	Jieyang	空, 洞
	Haifeng	空
	Singapore (Teochew)	空
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	窿
Wu	Suzhou	洞
	Wenzhou	洞, 窟, 窟窿
	Jinhua	窟窿
Xiang	Changsha	洞, 洞子
Xiang	Shuangfeng	眼貢, 洞

Compounds

Derived terms from 洞

三洞
上洞人
九曲洞
仙洞
八洞
函洞
千佛洞
地洞 (dìdòng)
坑洞 (kēngdòng)
塞狗洞
大洞果
山洞 (shāndòng)
岩洞 (yándòng)
拖牢洞
挖洞
掘洞
晶洞 (jīngdòng)
曹洞宗
月洞
法律漏洞
洞中肯綮
洞仙 (dòngxiān)
洞壑
洞天 (dòngtiān)
洞天福地
洞家
洞察 (dòngchá)
洞居
洞府
洞庭 (dòngtíng)
洞庭湖 (Dòngtíng Hú)
洞悉 (dòngxī)
洞悉明白
洞悉真相
洞房 (dòngfáng)
洞明

洞洞
洞然
洞穴 (dòngxué)
洞穿
洞窟 (dòngkū)
涵洞 (hándòng)
漏洞 (lòudòng)
漏洞百出 (lòudòngbǎichū)
潘洞
潮音洞
炕洞
狗洞
白洞 (báidòng)
白鹿洞
石洞 (Shídòng)
石灰岩洞
破洞 (pòdòng)
福地洞天
空洞 (kōngdòng)
空空洞洞
窗洞 (chuāngdòng)
芭蕉洞 (bājiāodòng)
通幽洞微
防空洞 (fángkōngdòng)
鬼窟洞
黑洞 (hēidòng)
黑洞洞 (hēidòngdòng)
洞察其奸
別有洞天／别有洞天 (biéyǒudòngtiān)
勿里洞島／勿里洞岛
山頂洞人／山顶洞人
月洞門／月洞门
橋洞／桥洞 (qiáodòng)
水簾洞／水帘洞
洞兒／洞儿
洞如觀火／洞如观火

洞宮／洞宫
洞察機先／洞察机先
洞徹／洞彻
洞戶／洞户
洞房花燭／洞房花烛
洞曉／洞晓
洞燭／洞烛
洞燭入微／洞烛入微
洞燭其奸／洞烛其奸
洞燭姦邪／洞烛奸邪
洞燭機先／洞烛机先
洞窟美術／洞窟美术
洞簫／洞箫 (dòngxiāo)
洞若觀火／洞若观火 (dòngruòguānhuǒ)
洞見／洞见 (dòngjiàn)
洞見癥結／洞见症结
洞貫／洞贯
洞達／洞达
洞鑒／洞鉴
洞鑒古今／洞鉴古今
洞門／洞门
洞開／洞开 (dòngkāi)
無底洞／无底洞 (wúdǐdòng)
甕洞兒／瓮洞儿
窯洞／窑洞 (yáodòng)
花兒洞子／花儿洞子
花燭洞房／花烛洞房
連闥洞房／连闼洞房
鐘乳洞／钟乳洞
鑽天打洞／钻天打洞
鑽狗洞／钻狗洞
門洞／门洞
風洞／风洞
鬧洞房／闹洞房 (nàodòngfáng)
黃金洞／黄金洞 (Huángjīndòng)
龍洞／龙洞

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tóng (tong²)
(Zhuyin): ㄊㄨㄥˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tung⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: tóng
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄨㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tóng
  - Wade–Giles: tʻung²
  - Yale: túng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: torng
  - Palladius: тун (tun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: tung⁴
  - Yale: tùhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tung⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: tung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰʊŋ²¹/

Middle Chinese: /duŋ/

Rime
Character	洞
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒紅切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/duŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/duŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dəwŋ/
Li Rong	/duŋ/
Wang Li	/duŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tung⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*doːŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	洞
Reading #	1/2
No.	12453
Phonetic component	同
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	同
Old Chinese	/*doːŋ/

Definitions

洞

Only used in 澒洞／𭱊洞 (hòngtóng) and 洪洞 (Hóngtóng, “Hongtong”).

Japanese

Kanji

洞

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Cave, den, grotto

Readings

Go-on: ずう (zū)
Kan-on: とう (tō)
Kan’yō-on: どう (dō, Jōyō)
Kun: うつろ (utsuro, 洞); うつろ (utsuro, 洞ろ); ふかい (fukai); ほがらか (hogaraka); ほら (hora, 洞, Jōyō); みぬく (minuku)

Compounds

洞窟(どうくつ) (dōkutsu)
洞察(どうさつ) (dōsatsu)
洞簫(どうしょう) (dōshō): xiao (Chinese flute)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 洞 (MC duŋ^H).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean 또ᇰ〮 (Yale: ttwóng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 동 (twong)^訓 (Yale: twong) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [to̞(ː)ŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [동(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource洞 (eumhun 골 동 (gol dong))

Hanja form^? of 동 (“hole; cavity; cave”).
Hanja form^? of 동 (“dong, a submunicipal administrative division in North and South Korea”).

Compounds

동리(洞里) (dongni)
동굴(洞窟) (donggul)
동장(洞長) (dongjang)
공동(空洞) (gongdong)
대동(大洞) (Daedong)
동내(洞內) (dongnae)
동문(洞門) (dongmun)
동방(洞房) (dongbang)
동내방내(洞內坊內) (dongnaebangnae)

Etymology 2

From a corrupted or unorthodox reading.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [tʰo̞(ː)ŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [통(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

洞 (eumhun 밝을 통 (balgeul tong))

Hanja form^? of 통 (“bright; thorough; penetrating”).

Compounds

통찰(洞察) (tongchal)
통견(洞見) (tonggyeon)
통달(洞達) (tongdal)
통촉(洞燭) (tongchok)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

洞: Hán Nôm readings: đọng, động, đùng, dộng, dọng, đỗng

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