況

See also: 况

況	U+6CC1, 況 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6CC1

← 泀
[U+6CC0]

CJK Unified Ideographs

泂 →
[U+6CC2]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

況 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 水口竹山 (ERHU), four-corner 3611₀, composition ⿰氵兄)

Derived characters

𮭃

Descendants

况

References

KangXi: page 615, character 1

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17264

Dae Jaweon: page 1009, character 1

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1586, character 2

Unihan data for U+6CC1

Chinese

trad.		況
simp.		况

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 況
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (兄) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
怳	*hmaŋʔ
況	*hmaŋs
貺	*hmaŋs
况	*hmaŋs
兄	*hmraŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hmaŋs) : semantic 氵 (“river”) + phonetic 兄 (OC *hmraŋ).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): kuàng (kuang⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄤˋ
(Chengdu, SP): kuang⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): fong³
(Taishan, Wiktionary): fong²
Gan (Wiktionary): kuong³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khóng
(Meixian, Guangdong): kong³
Jin (Wiktionary): kuon³
Min Bei (KCR): kua̿ng
Min Dong (BUC): kuóng / huóng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hóng / hòng / khòng
(Teochew, Peng'im): kuang³
Wu (Wiktionary): huaan (T2); khuaan (T2)
Xiang (Wiktionary): kuan⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kuàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kuàng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻuang⁴
  - Yale: kwàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuanq
  - Palladius: куан (kuan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰwɑŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: kuang⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kuong
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuaŋ²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: fong³
  - Yale: fong
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fong³
  - Guangdong Romanization: fong³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔːŋ³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: fong²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɔŋ⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: kuong³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuɔŋ²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khóng
  - Hakka Romanization System: kong`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kong³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰoŋ³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kong³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰɔŋ³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: kuon³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰxuɒ̃⁴⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kua̿ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuaŋ³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kuóng / huóng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuɔŋ²¹³/, /huɔŋ²¹³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hóng
  - Tâi-lô: hóng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: horng
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /hɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /hɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòng
  - Tâi-lô: hòng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoxng
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hɔŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hɔŋ¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khòng
  - Tâi-lô: khòng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qoxng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kuang³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khuàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuaŋ²¹³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: huaan (T2); khuaan (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɯɑ̃³⁴/, /kʰɯɑ̃³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: kuan⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuan⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 況
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰuɑŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/kʰuaŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/kʰuɑŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/kʰuaŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/kʰuaŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰuaŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/kʰuaŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/kʰuɔ̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/kʰuɑŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰuɑ̃¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kʰuɑŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/kʰuaŋ³⁵/
	Chengdu	/kʰuaŋ¹³/
	Guiyang	/kʰuaŋ²¹³/
	Kunming	/kʰuã̠²¹²/
	Nanjing	/kʰuaŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/kʰuɑ̃⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰuɒ̃⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/kʰuɑŋ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/kʰuɑ̃⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/kuɑ̃³⁵/ /huɑ̃³⁵/
	Suzhou	/huɑ̃⁵¹/
	Hangzhou	/kʰuɑŋ⁵³/ /huɑŋ⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/ɕyɔ⁴²/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰo³²⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/xau²⁴/ /kʰau²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰuan⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/kʰɔn⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰuɔŋ²¹³/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰoŋ³¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰoŋ³¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fɔŋ³³/
	Nanning	/kʰɔŋ³³/
	Hong Kong	/fɔŋ³³/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hɔŋ⁵³/ /kʰɔŋ⁵³/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/huɔŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kʰuaŋ³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kʰuaŋ²¹³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/xuaŋ³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /hʉɐŋ^H/

Rime
Character	況
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	陽 (106)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	許訪切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hʉɐŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷiɐŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xiuɑŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/huaŋ^H/
Li Rong	/xiuaŋ^H/
Wang Li	/xĭwaŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/xiwaŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fong³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[m̥]aŋ-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*hmaŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	況	況
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kuàng	kuàng
Middle Chinese	‹ xjwang^H ›	‹ xjwang^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[m̥]aŋ-s/	/*[m̥]aŋ-s/
English	compare with, be equal to	how much the more
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	況
Reading #	1/1
No.	13902
Phonetic component	兄
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	況
Old Chinese	/*hmaŋs/

Definitions

況

condition; situation
(archaic) much less; let alone
- 臣之罪甚多矣。臣猶知之，而況君乎？請由此亡。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  臣之罪甚多矣。臣犹知之，而况君乎？请由此亡。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Chén zhī zuì shènduō yǐ. Chén yóu zhī zhī, ér kuàng jūn hū? Qǐng yóucǐ wáng. [Pinyin]
  My wrongdoings have been excessive. Even I myself understand this, let alone you, my liege? May you banish me henceforth.
- 吾未聞枉己而正人者也，況辱己以正天下者乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  吾未闻枉己而正人者也，况辱己以正天下者乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Wú wèi wén wǎngjǐ ér zhèngrén zhě yě, kuàng rǔjǐ yǐ zhèng tiānxià zhě hū? [Pinyin]
  I have not heard of one who bent himself, and at the same time made others straight; how much less could one disgrace himself, and thereby rectify the whole kingdom?
furthermore
to compare; to draw an analogy with

Compounds

何況／何况 (hékuàng)
出狀況／出状况
勢況／势况
境況／境况 (jìngkuàng)
實況／实况 (shíkuàng)
實況轉播／实况转播
實況錄影／实况录影
市況／市况 (shìkuàng)
情況／情况 (qíngkuàng)
情況證據／情况证据
戰況／战况 (zhànkuàng)

景況／景况 (jǐngkuàng)
概況／概况 (gàikuàng)
每下愈況／每下愈况 (měixiàyùkuàng)
每況愈下／每况愈下 (měikuàngyùxià)
比況／比况
況且／况且 (kuàngqiě)
況乃／况乃
況乎／况乎 (kuànghū)
況味／况味 (kuàngwèi)
況迺／况迺
狀況／状况 (zhuàngkuàng)

現況／现况 (xiànkuàng)
病況／病况 (bìngkuàng)
盛況／盛况 (shèngkuàng)
盛況空前／盛况空前
空前盛況／空前盛况
窘況／窘况 (jiǒngkuàng)
而況／而况 (érkuàng)
自況／自况
路況／路况 (lùkuàng)
近況／近况 (jìnkuàng)

Japanese

Kanji

況

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

furthermore
situation

Readings

Go-on: こう (kō)^{←くわう (kwau, historical)}
Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}^{←くゐやう (kwyau, ancient)}
Kun: まして (mashite, 況して); いわんや (iwan'ya, 況んや)^{←いはんや (ifan'ya, historical)}; おもむき (omomuki, 況)

Korean

Hanja

況 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, revised hwang, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

況: Hán Nôm readings: huống[1][2][3][4][5][6]

chữ Hán form of huống (“situation; furthermore”).

References

Génibrel (1898).
Bonet (1899).
Thiều Chửu (1942).
Nguyễn (1974).
Trần (1999).
Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[genibrel-1] Génibrel (1898).

[bonet-2] Bonet (1899).

[Thiều_Chửu_(1942)-3] Thiều Chửu (1942).

[Nguyễn_(1974)-4] Nguyễn (1974).

[Trần_(1999)-5] Trần (1999).

[tdcntd-6] Nguyễn et al. (2009).