汰

汰

汰 U+6C70, 汰 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6C70 ← 汯 [U+6C6F] CJK Unified Ideographs 汱 → [U+6C71]

Translingual

Han character

汰 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水大戈 (EKI), four-corner 3413₀, composition ⿰氵太)

Derived characters

• 㳲

Further reading

• KangXi: page 607, character 18
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17160
• Dae Jaweon: page 1001, character 5
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1560, character 6
• Unihan data for U+6C70

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		汰
alternative forms		汏 汱 溙 ancient

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (大) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
馱	*daːl, *daːds
大	*daːds, *daːds
忕	*tʰaːds, *daːds, *djads
太	*tʰaːds
汰	*tʰaːds
汏	*daːds, *tʰaːd
軑	*daːds, *deːds
釱	*daːds, *deːds
达	*tʰeːds
杕	*deːds

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tʰaːds) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 太 (OC *tʰaːds).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tài (tai⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): taai³
• Min Nan (POJ): thài / tāi / thōa

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tài
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄞˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tài
    • Wade–Giles: tʻai⁴
    • Yale: tài
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tay
    • Palladius: тай (taj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰaɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: taai³
    • Yale: taai
    • Cantonese Pinyin: taai³
    • Guangdong Romanization: tai³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰaːi̯³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thài
    • Tâi-lô: thài
    • Phofsit Daibuun: taix
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tʰai¹¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /tʰai²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tāi
    • Tâi-lô: tāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dai
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tai²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thōa
    • Tâi-lô: thuā
    • Phofsit Daibuun: toa
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰua²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰua⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰua³³/

Note:

• thài/tāi - literary;
• thōa - vernacular.

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• Middle Chinese: /tʰɑi^H/

Rime
Character	汰
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	透 (6)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	他蓋切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰɑiH/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰɑiH/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɑiH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰajH/
Li Rong	/tʰɑiH/
Wang Li	/tʰɑiH/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰɑiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tài
Expected Cantonese Reflex	taai3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*lˤa[t]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tʰaːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	汰
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dài
Middle Chinese	‹ dajH ›
Old Chinese	/*lˁa[t]-s/
English	wave
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	汰
Reading #	1/1
No.	1938
Phonetic component	大
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	泰
Old Chinese	/*tʰaːds/
Notes	見左傳荀子

Definitions

汰

1. to rinse; to wash away
2. to discard; to eliminate through competition or selection
3. arrogant

   • 伯石之汰也，一為禮於晉，猶荷其祿。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     伯石之汰也，一为礼于晋，犹荷其禄。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg

     Bóshí zhī tài yě, yī wéilǐ yú jìn, yóu hè qí lù. [Pinyin]

     As overreaching as he had been, Gongsun Duan [Boshi] nevertheless managed with one good performance of ritual in Jin to come away laden with rewards.

4. extravagant, excessive

   • 皆所以示諸侯汰也，諸侯所由棄命也。今君以汰，無乃不濟乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     皆所以示诸侯汰也，诸侯所由弃命也。今君以汰，无乃不济乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg

     Jiē suǒyǐ shì zhūhóu tài yě, zhūhóu suǒyóu qì mìng yě. Jīn jūn yǐ tài, wú nǎi bùjì hū? [Pinyin]

     In each case the ceremonies became occasions on which they displayed their excesses to the princes and were the reason the princes ignored their commands. Now that you are acting excessively, is it not the case that you will fail to prevail?

Compounds

天然淘汰 汰侈 沙汰 (shātài) 洮汰 淘汰 (táotài) 甄汰

自然淘汰 (zìrán táotài) 裁汰 (cáitài) 除汰 優勝劣汰／优胜劣汰 (yōushèngliètài) 刪汰／删汰

單淘汰／单淘汰 汰換／汰换 汰舊換新／汰旧换新 (tàijiùhuànxīn) 淘汰賽／淘汰赛 (táotàisài) 鐫汰／镌汰 (juāntài)

References

• “汰”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
• Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02147

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 汰 – see 汏 (“to rinse; to wash; great wave; etc.”). (This character, 汰, is a variant form of 汏.)

References

• 康熙字典網上版 Kangxi Dictionary Type-set Online Version, entry "汰" Quote:「又徒蓋切，音大。淅𤄒也，與汏同。」

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Japanese

Kanji

汰

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. scour, wash out

Readings

• Go-on: たい (tai)
• Kan-on: たい (tai)
• Kan’yō-on: た (ta, Jōyō)
• Kun: おごる (ogoru, 汰る); にごる (nigoru, 汰ごる); よなげる (yonageru, 汰げる); ゆる (yuru, 汰る)

Compounds

• 沙(さ)汰(た) (sata)

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Korean

Hanja

汰 (eumhun 일 태 (il tae))

1. Hanja form^? of 태 (“scour, wash out”).

Compounds

• 산사태 (山沙汰, sansatae, “landslide”)

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Vietnamese

Han character

汰: Hán Việt readings: thái (他(tha)蓋(cái)切(thiết))[1][2][3], thải[1][4]
汰: Nôm readings: thảy[1][2][4][3][5][6], thãi[1][4][7][5], thải[1][7], sưởi[1], thẩy[4]

1. chữ Hán form of thái (“to wash; to clean”).
2. chữ Hán form of thải (“to discard; to eliminate”).
3. Nôm form of thảy (“without exception; to the last”).
4. Nôm form of thãi (“used in thừa thãi (“excessive; redundant”)”).

Compounds

• 淘汰 (đào thải)
• 沙汰 (sa thải)

References

1. Nguyễn (2014).
2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
3. Bonet (1899).
4. Trần (2004).
5. Génibrel (1898).
6. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
7. Hồ (1976).