死
| ||||||||
Translingual
Han character
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
死 (Kangxi radical 78, 歹+2, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一弓心 (MNP), four-corner 10212, composition ⿸歹匕 or ⿱一⿰夕匕)
Derived characters
- 𭇟, 𫪔, 𦎄, 𩊢, 𮬳, 㱝, 㰷, 𬆘, 𣣌, 𬆜, 㘸, 𢍈, 𭜨, 𣑘, 𭻏, 𭮓, 𧵲, 𣩁, 𨱼
- 屍, 毙, 𣨀, 𤽨, 𥥱, 𬆗, 臰, 𣨰, 𣨻, 𣩂, 𣩇, 𭮜, 𣩖, 𩫓, 薨, 薧, 斃, 𣩴, 𣩸, 塟, 葬
References
- KangXi: page 578, character 22
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16365
- Dae Jaweon: page 970, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1380, character 6
- Unihan data for U+6B7B
Chinese
| trad. | 死 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 死 | |
| alternative forms | 𣦸 𣦹 𠒁 ancient 𠑾 ancient 𦭀 ancient 𣦸 𣦹 𠒁 ancient 𠑾 ancient 𦭀 ancient 𦫺 𤯽 𣥴 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 死 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |  |  |  |  |
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 歹 + 人.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *səj.
Pronunciation
Definitions
死
- (intransitive) to die
- 必死無疑／必死无疑 ― bì sǐ wúyí ― will die without a doubt
- 佢兩年前已經死咗。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- keoi5 loeng5 nin4 cin4 ji5 ging1 sei2 zo2. [Jyutping]
- He already died two years ago.
佢两年前已经死咗。 [Cantonese, simp.]- 高校學生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, trad.]
- Gāoxiào xuéshēng shítáng chī chū sǐ lǎoshǔ. [Pinyin]
- A dead mouse was found in college cafeteria food.
高校学生食堂吃出死老鼠。 [MSC, simp.]- 食死自己 [Cantonese] ― sik6 sei2 zi6 gei2 [Jyutping] ― to "eat oneself to death" (endanger oneself with eating habits)
- 你噉樣擺會跌死人。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- nei5 gam2 joeng6 baai2 wui5 dit3 sei2 jan4. [Jyutping]
- Placing it so is a serious tripping hazard.
你噉样摆会跌死人。 [Cantonese, simp.]- 嗰時死咗唔少人。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- go2 si4 sei2 zo2 m4 siu2 jan4. [Jyutping]
- A number of people died at the time.
嗰时死咗唔少人。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- 見其生，不忍見其死。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Jiàn qí shēng, bùrěn jiàn qí sǐ. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
见其生，不忍见其死。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 這人姓王名冕，在諸暨縣鄉村裡住。七歲上死了父親，他母親做點針黹供給他到村學堂裡去讀書。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
- From: Wu Jingzi, The Scholars, 1750 CE
- Zhè rén xìng Wáng míng Miǎn, zài Zhūjì Xiàn xiāngcūn lǐ zhù. Qī suì shàng sǐ le fùqīn, tā mǔqīn zuò diǎn zhēnzhǐ gōnggěi tā dào cūn xuétáng lǐ qù dúshū. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
这人姓王名冕，在诸暨县乡村里住。七岁上死了父亲，他母亲做点针黹供给他到村学堂里去读书。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
- † (transitive) to die for the sake of; to sacrifice oneself for; to die together with someone
- 死節／死节 ― sǐjié ― to die for honour
- 故君為社稷死，則死之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Gù jūn wèi shèjì sǐ, zé sǐ zhī. [Pinyin]
- So, if a lord is killed fulfilling his duty to the divinities of the land, one joins him in death.
故君为社稷死，则死之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 謀人之軍師，敗則死之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Móu rén zhī jūn shī, bài zé sǐ zhī. [Pinyin]
- He who has given counsel to another about his army should die with it when it is defeated.
谋人之军师，败则死之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 今亡亦死，舉大計亦死，等死，死國可乎？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Jīn wáng yì sǐ, jǔ dàjì yì sǐ, děng sǐ, sǐ guó kěhū? [Pinyin]
- At this moment, certain death awaits us no matter whether we escape as fugitives or rouse ourselves to a grand cause. One death is just as good as another; shall we not rather die for our lost fatherland?
今亡亦死，举大计亦死，等死，死国可乎？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 貪夫徇財，烈士徇名。夸者死權，品庶每生。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: c. 174 BCE, Jia Yi (賈誼), The Owl (《鵩鳥賦》). Translated by Burton Watson.
- Tānfū xùncái, lièshì xùnmíng. Kuāzhě sǐquán, pǐnshù měishēng. [Pinyin]
- The covetous run after riches,
The impassioned pursue a fair name;
The proud die struggling for power,
While the people long only to live.
贪夫徇财，烈士徇名。夸者死权，品庶每生。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- inactive
- 死結／死结 ― sǐjié ― encased knot
- 死機／死机 ― sǐjī ― (of a computer system) to crash
- 路被垃圾堵死了。 ― Lù bèi lājī dǔ sǐ le. ― The road is blocked by trash.
- (only in compounds) deadly; fatal; killing; to the death
- 死刑 ― sǐxíng ― capital punishment
- 死戰／死战 ― sǐzhàn ― deadly battle; fight to the death
- (colloquial or Min Nan) very; bloody; totally
- 我累死了。 ― Wǒ lèi sǐ le. ― I'm dead tired.
- 嘈死！ [Cantonese] ― cou4 sei2! [Jyutping] ― Keep it down! (lit. You're being really noisy!)
- 熱死／热死 [Teochew] ― ruah8 si2 [Peng'im] ― really hot
- (offensive) damned; damn
- 呢個死阿伯唔識揸車。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- nei1 go3 sei2 aa3 baak3 m4 sik1 zaa1 ce1. [Jyutping]
- This damn geezer can't drive.
呢个死阿伯唔识揸车。 [Cantonese, simp.]- 死鬼佬 [Cantonese] ― sei2 gwai2 lou2 [Jyutping] ― goddamn white
- 做咗咁死多次，我仲唔識做咩？ [Cantonese, trad.]
- zou6 zo2 gam3 sei2 do1 ci3, ngo5 zung6 m4 sik1 zou6 me1? [Jyutping]
- I've done it so darn many times already, and you think I wouldn't know how to do it by now?
做咗咁死多次，我仲唔识做咩？ [Cantonese, simp.]
- (slang, offensive) to disappear; to go; (as in "where the hell did ... go")
- 嗰枝死人原子筆死咗去邊呀？ [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
- go2 zi1 sei2 jan4 jyun4 zi2 bat1 sei2 zo2 heoi3 bin1 aa3? [Jyutping]
- Where's that goddamn pen?
嗰枝死人原子笔死咗去边呀？ [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]- 你這個死人死到哪裡去了，打手機也不接。 [MSC, trad.]
- Nǐ zhège sǐrén sǐ dào nǎlǐ qù le, dǎ shǒujī yě bù jiē. [Pinyin]
- Where the hell have you been? Why are you not answering my calls? (said by wife)
你这个死人死到哪里去了，打手机也不接。 [MSC, simp.]- 佢哋今次死咗去邊呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
- keoi5 dei6 gam1 ci3 sei2 zo2 heoi3 bin1 aa3? [Jyutping]
- Where'd they fuck off to this time?
佢哋今次死咗去边呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]- 死返屋企 [Cantonese] ― sei2 faan1 uk1 kei5 [Jyutping] ― to fuck off back to one's home
- 2002, 七十二家房客, 21m50s from the start:
- 阿竹竿鬼！死出來！死出來佮我相罵。 [Teochew, trad.]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
阿竹竿鬼！死出来！死出来佮我相骂。 [Teochew, simp.]
- (Cantonese, Min Nan) persistently; stubbornly
- 佢死都唔肯講。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- keoi5 sei2 dou1 m4 hang2 gong2. [Jyutping]
- He absolutely refuses to speak. (lit. He is persistently not willing to say it.)
佢死都唔肯讲。 [Cantonese, simp.]- 呢份工佢做死三十年。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
- ni1 fan6 gung1 keoi5 zou6 sei2 saam1 sap6 nin4. [Jyutping]
- He has been stubbornly doing this job for thirty years.
- (Cantonese) screwed
- 做又死，唔做又死 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
- zou6 jau6 sei2, m4 zou6 jau6 sei2 [Jyutping]
- screwed if I do, screwed if I don't
- (Cantonese) awful
- 死囉！／死啰！ [Cantonese] ― sei2 lo1! [Jyutping] ― Oh no!
- 聾嘅！死唔死呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
- From: 黄俊英《肥仔米》
- lung4 ge3! sei2 m4 sei2 aa3? [Jyutping]
- [He's] deaf! Isn't that awful?
聋嘅！死唔死呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
- (Min Nan) closely; firmly; tightly
Usage notes
- The adjective 死 ("dead, inactive, etc.") cannot be used as a predicative adjective. The sentence *這隻狗死 generally does not mean "This dog is dead". For the meaning "is dead", usually the verb 死 in the perfect aspect ("to have died") is used instead:
- 這隻狗死了。／这只狗死了。 ― Zhè zhī gǒu sǐ le. ― This dog has died.
- The verb 死 ("to die") lacks a present meaning and denotes either past (in perfect aspect) or future (not in perfect aspect) events. It cannot be modified by the progressive aspect marker 正在 (zhèngzài) or 著／着 (zhe).
- 不死 ― bùsǐ ― "will not die", immortal
- 沒死／没死 ― méi sǐ ― "did not die", alive
Synonyms
- (to die):
edit
Synonyms of 死
|
|
|
Dialectal synonyms of 死 (“to die”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 死, 亡, 歿, 卒 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 死, 死亡, 亡故, 喪生, 喪命, 去世 †, 過世 †, 逝世 †, 離世 †, 下世 †, 不在 †, 過去 †, 仙逝 †, 歸天 †, 歸西 †, 升天 †, 作古 †, 長眠 †, 閉眼 †, 故去 †, ‡, 故世 †, ‡, 一命嗚呼 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 死, 故去 †, 老 †, ‡, 毛兒提 Hui |
| Taiwan | 死, 過世 † | |
| Harbin | 死, 老 †, ‡, 伸腿兒 ¤, 伸腿 ¤, 蹬腿兒 ¤, 奔兒咕 ¤, 桿兒屁 §, 桿兒細 §, 吹燈拔蠟 | |
| Yantai (Muping) | 死, 老 †, ‡, 上西天 § | |
| Jinan | 死, 歿, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 不在 †, ‡, 王八 §, 完蛋, 完錢, 完活, 無常 Hui, 歸主 Hui, 歸真 Hui | |
| Luoyang | 死, 過去, 過世, 下世, 亡故, 不在, 升天, 去世 †, 老 †, ‡, 擱那兒 ¤ | |
| Wanrong | 死, 歿, 老 †, ‡ | |
| Xi'an | 死, 不在 †, 老 †, ‡, 無常 Hui | |
| Yinchuan | 死, 走 †, 歿 Hui, 歸真 Hui, 冒提 Hui, 口喚 Hui, 無常 Hui, 完 Hui | |
| Lanzhou | 死, 過世 †, 緩下 †, 躺下 † | |
| Xining | 歿 | |
| Ürümqi | 死, 過世 †, 不在 † | |
| Wuhan | 死, 過身 †, 去 †, 老 †, ‡, 去回 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 瓜碼子 ¤, 瓜 ¤, 西皮 | |
| Chengdu | 死, 過去 †, 不在 †, 去 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 撬桿兒 §, 撬桿 §, 翹辮子 §, 見馬克思, 歸天, 去陰國, 爬高煙囪, 落氣, 冰凊, 沒脈 | |
| Guiyang | 死, 過世 †, 成神 †, ‡, 百年歸天 †, ‡, 嗚呼 ¤ | |
| Liuzhou | 死, 沒得脈, 過世 †, 過身 †, 沒在 †, 哦嚄 | |
| Yangzhou | 死, 不在 †, 走 †, 家去吃去 ¤, 家去 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤, 翹 ¤, 駝條 § | |
| Nanjing | 死, 過世 †, 歸天 †, ‡, 不在 †, 嗝兒得 ¤, 翹辮子 ¤ | |
| Hefei | 死, 不在 †, 老 † | |
| Singapore | 死, 死掉, 死翹翹, 過世 †, 去世 †, 上天堂 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 † | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過世 †, 老 †, ‡, 百年歸老 †, ‡, 去別有天 †, ¤, 去大煙筒 †, ¤, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 收檔 ¤, 攞竇 ¤, 進竇 §, 瓜竇, 直, 瓜直, 死直, 攤直, 雙腳撐直, 伸直腳, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 褸席, 歸西, 歸天, 食黃泥, 入黃泥窿, 入窿, 玩完, 嫌米貴, 一 argot |
| Hong Kong | 死, 過身 †, 走 †, 香 †, 去 †, 唔喺度 †, 百年歸老 †, 賣鹹鴨蛋 †, 兩腳一伸 †, 仙遊 †, 拜拜 †, 去閻羅王處報到 †, 瓜 ¤, 瓜老襯 ¤, 拉柴, 瓜柴, 釘蓋, 釘, 直, 歸西, 玩完 | |
| Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) | 過身 | |
| Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) | 過身 | |
| Hong Kong (Ting Kok) | 過身, 死 | |
| Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) | 過身 | |
| Macau | 過身, 去 | |
| Guangzhou (Panyu) | 過身, 死 | |
| Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) | 死 | |
| Guangzhou (Conghua) | 過身, 死 | |
| Guangzhou (Zengcheng) | 去歸, 過身 | |
| Foshan | 過身, 死 | |
| Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) | 死, 過身 | |
| Foshan (Shunde) | 過身 | |
| Foshan (Sanshui) | 過身 | |
| Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) | 死 | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 過身 | |
| Zhuhai (Qianshan) | 死 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) | 過身, 死 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen) | 死, 過身 | |
| Jiangmen (Baisha) | 過身, 死 | |
| Jiangmen (Xinhui) | 死, 過身 | |
| Taishan | 死, 善, 去 | |
| Kaiping (Chikan) | 死, 登仙 | |
| Enping (Niujiang) | 過身, 死 | |
| Heshan (Yayao) | 死 | |
| Dongguan | 死, 老 †, 去返 †, 去舊時嗰處 †, 視埋眼 †, 伸直腳 †, 入罌 †, 拉柴 §, 去大煙筒 § | |
| Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) | 死, 過身 | |
| Yangjiang | 死, 過輩 †, 老 †, ‡, 老大 †, ‡ | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 死, 過身 † | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 死, 過世 †, 老 † |
| Lichuan | 死 | |
| Pingxiang | 死, 過 †, 走路 †, 老 †, ‡, 去 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 死, 老, 過身 †, 老壽 †, ‡ |
| Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) | 過身 | |
| Dongguan (Qingxi) | 過身, 死 | |
| Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) | 死, 過身 | |
| Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) | 死 | |
| Conghua (Lütian) | 死, 過身 | |
| Yudu | 死, 過世 †, 過套 †, 過身 †, 轉去 †, 轉該背 †, 歸仙 †, 轉老外婆裡 ¤ | |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 † | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 † | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 † | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 † | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 死, 過身 †, 往生 † | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 死, 過身 † | |
| Hong Kong | 過身, 老 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過身 †, 不在 †, 過老 §, 過邊 §, 進棺材 §, 進風水 §, 翹扁 §, ¤ |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 死, 沒啦 †, 走 †, 過去 †, 老 †, ‡, 老客 †, ‡ |
| Xinzhou | 死, 回老家 †, 硬 §, 㞗朝天 of a man, vulgar, 倒蕎麥皮 | |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 死, 過身 †, 老 †, ‡ |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 死, 過去 †, 過世 †, 過後 †, 歸西 †, 百歲 †, 老去 †, ‡, 堯街去 ¤, 堯生去 ¤, 溜翹 ¤, 殂 ¤, 去算米數 ¤, 去外媽食齋 ¤, 去外媽 ¤, 去䁐廬山 ¤, 去厝去 ¤, 睏長暝眠 ¤, 翹齋 ¤, 揭兜去 ¤, 拔直去 ¤, 上天去 ¤, 生去 ¤, 𣪟去 ¤, 䁐松柏樹 ¤, 䁐松柏 ¤, 轉祖 § |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 㾀 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § |
| Quanzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 無去 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 行雞 ¤, 馬滴 § | |
| Zhangzhou | 死, 過身 †, 過氣 †, 百歲 †, 百年 †, 百歲年老 †, 行去 †, 無去 †, 起身 †, 老去 †, ‡, 老咯 †, ‡, 蟯 ¤, 蟯歹 ¤, 蟯癱 ¤, 行雞 ¤, 誆牽 §, 㾀 §, 㾀歹 §, 馬滴 § | |
| Taipei | 死去, 老 †, 過身 † | |
| New Taipei (Sanxia) | 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 過身 † | |
| Kaohsiung | 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † | |
| Yilan | 死去, 老去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 過往 † | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 死去, 老 †, 無去 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † | |
| Taichung | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 † | |
| Tainan | 死去, 老去 †, 行去 †, 往生 †, 無佇咧 †, 過身 †, 轉去 † | |
| Hsinchu | 曲去, 去咯 †, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 † | |
| Kinmen | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 行去 † | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 死去, 往生 †, 過身 †, 老去 † | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 死, 馬滴, 死翹翹, 過身 †, 百年 †, 百歲 †, 過氣 †, 起車 †, 老去 †, 老咯 †, 行去 †, 蟯去 †, 吭跤翹, 交登記 † | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 死, 死去, 過面 †, 過身 † | |
| Chaozhou | 死, 過身 † | |
| Jieyang | 過身, 吭跤翹, 吭翹 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 死 | |
| Leizhou | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 過目焗 ¤, 直筒 §, 刮薯減米 § | |
| Haikou | 死, 過層 †, ‡, 老 †, ‡, 貓使 § | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 死 | |
| Zhongshan Min | Shaxi (Longdu) | 死 |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 死, 瓜老襯, 過世, 歸西 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 一腳去 †, 翹辮子 §, ¤, 彈老三 §, 翹老三 § |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 死, 老 †, 故 †, 翹辮子 ¤ | |
| Suzhou | 死, 壞, 去, 過世 †, 翹辮子 § | |
| Danyang | 死 | |
| Hangzhou | 死, 故 †, 過世 †, 翹辮兒 ¤, 到龍駒塢去 | |
| Ningbo | 死, 翹辮子 §, 過世 †, 嘸沒 †, 死脫 §, 燂茶, 山裡去, 吃豆腐羹, 嘸沒來的 † | |
| Wenzhou | 死, 冇 †, 過輩 †, ‡, 蹻 ¤ | |
| Jinhua | 死, 過世 †, 過輩 †, 弗在 †, 老 †, ‡ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 死, 過 †, 去 †, 瓜, 彈, 彈四郎 |
| Loudi | 死, 過世 †, 故 †, 上岸 † | |
| Shuangfeng | 死, 過世 †, 故 † | |
| Note | † - euphemistic; ‡ - usually of the elderly; ¤ - humorous; § - derogatory/disrespectful | |
- (awful): (Cantonese) 死人 (sǐrén), 糟糕 (zāogāo)
Antonyms
- (to die): 活 (huó)
See also
- (intensifier) 鬼 (guǐ)
Compounds
Derived terms from 死
|
|
|
Descendants
Sino-Xenic (死):
- → Japanese: 死 (shi)
- → Korean: 사(死) (sa)
- → Vietnamese: tử (死)
Others:
- Wutunhua: se
- → Thai: ซี้ (síi)
References
- “死”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A02077
Japanese
Kanji
死
(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
- Kun: しぬ (shinu, 死ぬ, Jōyō); ころす (korosu, 死す)
Etymology
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 死 |
| し Grade: 3 |
| on’yomi |
/si/ → /ɕi/
Appears to be a conflation of Middle Chinese 死 (MC sˠiɪX), with an Old Japanese root that happened to have a similar pronunciation to the Middle Chinese and was probably cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, to go away”). Compare modern Mandarin 死 (sǐ).
In kanji compounds, this would be considered as 音読み (on'yomi, “Sino-Japanese reading”); but on its own, this could be considered as either on'yomi or 訓読み (kun'yomi, “native Japanese reading”).
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) し [shíꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2][3]
- IPA(key): [ɕi]
Noun
死 • (shi)
- death
- 1925, Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Aphorisms by a pygmy
- 眠りは死よりも愉快である。少くとも容易には違いあるまい。
- Nemuri wa shi yori mo yukai de aru. Sukunaku to mo yōi ni wa chigai aru mai.
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- 眠りは死よりも愉快である。少くとも容易には違いあるまい。
- 死に至る病
- Shi ni Itaru Yamai
- The Sickness Unto Death
- Antonym: 生 (sei)
- 1925, Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, Aphorisms by a pygmy
- (law, historical) one of the five punishments under the 律令 (Ritsuryō) system, the methods used are 絞 (kō, “strangling”) and 斬 (zan, “decapitation”)
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 死ぬ (shinu)
- 死する (shisuru)
- 死勘定 (shi kanjō, “dead account, trading account that has no activity”)
- 擬死 (gishi)
- 急死 (kyūshi)
- 検死 (kenshi)
- 変死 (henshi)
- 悶死 (monshi)
Affix
死 • (shi)
- death, to die
- dead, unfunctional
- life-or-death situation
- dangerous, life-threatening
- (baseball) out
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 死因 (shiin, “cause of death”)
- 死王 (shiō, “dead king”)
- 死王 (Shiō, “Buddhist king of the dead”)
- 死火 (shika)
- 死花 (shika, “paper flowers used for a funeral”)
- 死貨 (shika)
- 死海 (Shikai)
- 死灰 (shikai, “cold, dead ashes; ashes remaining after cremation”)
- 死界 (shikai, “underworld, world of the dead; blind spot, somewhere out of view”)
- 死骸 (shigai)
- 死角 (shikaku)
- 死学 (shigaku, “field of study that has no practical use”)
- 死活 (shikatsu)
- 死期 (shiki, “time of death, moment of one's death”)
- 死球 (shikyū)
- 死去 (shikyo)
- 死境 (shikyō, “one's place of death; deadly place”)
- 死菌 (shikin, “dead bacterium or inactive virus used as the basis for a vaccine”)
- 死句 (shiku, “plain phrase or line in a poem, containing no implied meanings; ascetic's unsaid words or phrases, due to mental mistakes”)
- 死苦 (shiku, “sufferings of death”)
- 死刑 (shikei)
- 死結 (shiketsu)
- 死期 (shigo)
- 死後 (shigo)
- 死語 (shigo)
- 死罪 (shizai)
- 死屍 (shishi)
- 死者 (shisha)
- 死守 (shishu)
- 死所 (shisho, “place of death, place where one dies”)
- 死傷 (shishō)
- 死生 (shishō)
- 死生 (shisei)
- 死線 (shisen)
- 死相 (shisō)
- 死蔵 (shizō, “putting something away and never using it”)
- 死地 (shichi)
- 死闘 (shitō)
- 死人 (shinin)
- 死者 (shisha)
- 死体 (shitai)
- 死物 (shibutsu)
- 死文 (shibun, “dead law, law that is on the books but never enforced; document that is purely formal and empty of meaning”)
- 死別 (shibetsu)
- 死亡 (shibō)
- 死没 (shibotsu)
- 死命 (shimei)
- 死滅 (shimetsu)
- 死霊 (shiryō)
- 死力 (shiryoku)
- 死霊 (shirei)
- 仮死 (kashi)
- 決死 (kesshi)
- 頓死 (tonshi)
- 二死 (nishi)
- 瀕死 (hinshi)
- 不死 (fushi)
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 死 (MC sˠiɪX).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 주글〮 (Yale: cwùkúl) | ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
Wikisource死 (eumhun 죽을 사 (jugeul sa))
- Hanja form? of 사 (“death”). [noun, affix]
Compounds
Compounds
- 사거 (死去, sageo)
- 사망 (死亡, samang)
- 사신 (死神, sasin)
- 사인 (死因, sain)
- 사해 (死海, Sahae)
- 사형 (死刑, sahyeong)
- 독사 (毒死, doksa)
- 불사 (不死, bulsa)
- 아사 (餓死, asa)
- 치사 (致死, chisa)
- 필사 (必死, pilsa)
- 고독사 (孤獨死, godoksa)
- 과로사 (過勞死, gwarosa)
- 안락사 (安樂死, allaksa)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
Okinawan
Kanji
死
(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- On: し (shi)
- Kun: しぬん (shinun, 死ぬん)
Old Japanese
Etymology
Appears to be a conflation of an s- root cognate with 去る (saru, “to go, go away”) and Middle Chinese 死 (MC sˠiɪX).
Noun
死 (si) (kana し)
- death
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, preface to poem 897: melancholic poem by Yamanoue no Okura)
- 帛公略說曰：「伏思自勵，以斯長生。生可レ貪也，死可レ畏也。...」
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, preface to poem 897: melancholic poem by Yamanoue no Okura)
Derived terms
- 死ぬ (sinu)
Descendants
- Japanese: 死 (shi)
Vietnamese
Han character
死: Hán Nôm readings: tử, long
- death
Compounds
- tử vong (死亡)
- tự tử (自死)