歪む

歪む

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
歪
ひず Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Unknown. Possible shared root with 肘 (hiji, “elbow”) and 膝 (hiza, “knee”), related to ideas of bending.

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
  • (Tokyo) ひずむ [hìzúmú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • (Tokyo) ひず​む [hìzúꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [çizɨᵝmɯ̟ᵝ]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "歪む"

Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	歪む	ひずむ	[hìzúmú]
Imperative (命令形)	歪め	ひずめ	[hìzúmé]
Key constructions
Passive	歪まれる	ひずまれる	[hìzúmárérú]
Causative	歪ませる	ひずませる	[hìzúmásérú]
Potential	-	-	-
Volitional	歪もう	ひずも​ー	[hìzúmóꜜò]
Negative	歪まない	ひずまない	[hìzúmánáí]
Negative perfective	歪まなかった	ひずまな​かった	[hìzúmánáꜜkàttà]
Formal	歪みます	ひずみま​す	[hìzúmímáꜜsù]
Perfective	歪んだ	ひずんだ	[hìzúńdá]
Conjunctive	歪んで	ひずんで	[hìzúńdé]
Hypothetical conditional	歪めば	ひずめ​ば	[hìzúméꜜbà]

Verb

歪む (transitive and intransitive, godan conjugation, hiragana ひずむ, rōmaji hizumu, historical hiragana ひづむ)

1. (intransitive): to become bent, deformed, warped, twisted, crooked
2. (transitive): to bend or warp something:
   1. to bend something, to warp or distort something
   2. to bend or fold something into itself so it becomes smaller
   3. (figuratively) to berate or torment someone

Usage notes

ひずむ (hizumu) can be used to describe:

• images:

  映 (えい)像 (ぞう)が歪 (ひず)む ― eizō ga hizumu ― the image is distorting

• shapes:

  箱 (はこ)の形 (かたち)が歪 (ひず)む ― hako no katachi ga hizumu ― the box's shape is distorting

• audio:

  音 (おん)声 (せい)が歪 (ひず)む ― onsei ga hizumu ― the sound is distorting

but cannot be used to describe:

• facial expressions

ひずむ (hizumu) implies that the subject is difficult to see or hear properly due to noise, distortion, or other impurity. It is used less to describe specific shapes, and more to describe noise in images or audio.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "歪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	歪ま	ひずま	hizuma
Continuative (連用形)	歪み	ひずみ	hizumi
Terminal (終止形)	歪む	ひずむ	hizumu
Attributive (連体形)	歪む	ひずむ	hizumu
Hypothetical (仮定形)	歪め	ひずめ	hizume
Imperative (命令形)	歪め	ひずめ	hizume
Key constructions
Passive	歪まれる	ひずまれる	hizumareru
Causative	歪ませる 歪ます	ひずませる ひずます	hizumaseru hizumasu
Potential	歪める	ひずめる	hizumeru
Volitional	歪もう	ひずもう	hizumō
Negative	歪まない	ひずまない	hizumanai
Negative continuative	歪まず	ひずまず	hizumazu
Formal	歪みます	ひずみます	hizumimasu
Perfective	歪んだ	ひずんだ	hizunda
Conjunctive	歪んで	ひずんで	hizunde
Hypothetical conditional	歪めば	ひずめば	hizumeba

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
歪
ゆが Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Unknown. Possibly related to 弓 (yumi, “a bow”), which appears in compounds as ゆ (yu).

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
  • (Tokyo) ゆがむ [yùgámú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • (Tokyo) ゆが​む [yùgáꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [jɯ̟ᵝɡa̠mɯ̟ᵝ]

Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "歪む"

Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	歪む	ゆがむ	[yùgámú]
Imperative (命令形)	歪め	ゆがめ	[yùgámé]
Key constructions
Passive	歪まれる	ゆがまれる	[yùgámárérú]
Causative	歪ませる	ゆがませる	[yùgámásérú]
Potential	-	-	-
Volitional	歪もう	ゆがも​ー	[yùgámóꜜò]
Negative	歪まない	ゆがまない	[yùgámánáí]
Negative perfective	歪まなかった	ゆがまな​かった	[yùgámánáꜜkàttà]
Formal	歪みます	ゆがみま​す	[yùgámímáꜜsù]
Perfective	歪んだ	ゆがんだ	[yùgáńdá]
Conjunctive	歪んで	ゆがんで	[yùgáńdé]
Hypothetical conditional	歪めば	ゆがめ​ば	[yùgáméꜜbà]

Verb

歪む (intransitive, godan conjugation, hiragana ゆがむ, rōmaji yugamu)

1. to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted
2. to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions
3. to deviate from a previous stance or favorable direction
4. to speak in a strong accent

Usage notes

ゆがむ (yugamu) can be used to describe:

• images:

  映 (えい)像 (ぞう)が歪 (ゆが)む ― eizō ga yugamu ― the image is deforming

• shapes:

  箱 (はこ)の形 (かたち)が歪 (ゆが)む ― hako no katachi ga yugamu ― the box's shape is deforming

• facial expressions:

  苦 (くる)しみで顔 (かお)が歪 (ゆが)む ― kurushimi de kao ga yugamu ― the suffering face is becoming irregular

but cannot be used to describe:

• audio

ゆがむ (yugamu) implies that a shape or form has become distorted or deformed for some reason. This can be used to describe three-dimensional objects or lines, but is more often used to describe flat objects. ゆがむ (yugamu) often carries negative connotations.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "歪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	歪ま	ゆがま	yugama
Continuative (連用形)	歪み	ゆがみ	yugami
Terminal (終止形)	歪む	ゆがむ	yugamu
Attributive (連体形)	歪む	ゆがむ	yugamu
Hypothetical (仮定形)	歪め	ゆがめ	yugame
Imperative (命令形)	歪め	ゆがめ	yugame
Key constructions
Passive	歪まれる	ゆがまれる	yugamareru
Causative	歪ませる 歪ます	ゆがませる ゆがます	yugamaseru yugamasu
Potential	歪める	ゆがめる	yugameru
Volitional	歪もう	ゆがもう	yugamō
Negative	歪まない	ゆがまない	yugamanai
Negative continuative	歪まず	ゆがまず	yugamazu
Formal	歪みます	ゆがみます	yugamimasu
Perfective	歪んだ	ゆがんだ	yuganda
Conjunctive	歪んで	ゆがんで	yugande
Hypothetical conditional	歪めば	ゆがめば	yugameba

Derived terms

• 歪 (ゆが)める (yugameru): (transitive) to warp something

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
歪
いが Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Phonetic alteration from ゆがむ (yugamu).[2]

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
  • (Tokyo) いがむ [ìgámú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [iɡa̠mɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

歪む (transitive and intransitive, godan conjugation, hiragana いがむ, rōmaji igamu)

1. (intransitive): to become bent or deformed:
   1. to deform, to bend, to become warped or twisted
   2. to become improper or irregular, such as emotions or actions
   3. to become sick (as used by carpenters and performers)
2. (transitive): to steal something

Usage notes

The ゆがむ (yugamu) reading is generally more common for the intransitive senses.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "歪む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	歪ま	いがま	igama
Continuative (連用形)	歪み	いがみ	igami
Terminal (終止形)	歪む	いがむ	igamu
Attributive (連体形)	歪む	いがむ	igamu
Hypothetical (仮定形)	歪め	いがめ	igame
Imperative (命令形)	歪め	いがめ	igame
Key constructions
Passive	歪まれる	いがまれる	igamareru
Causative	歪ませる 歪ます	いがませる いがます	igamaseru igamasu
Potential	歪める	いがめる	igameru
Volitional	歪もう	いがもう	igamō
Negative	歪まない	いがまない	igamanai
Negative continuative	歪まず	いがまず	igamazu
Formal	歪みます	いがみます	igamimasu
Perfective	歪んだ	いがんだ	iganda
Conjunctive	歪んで	いがんで	igande
Hypothetical conditional	歪めば	いがめば	igameba

Derived terms

• 歪 (いが)める (igameru): (transitive) to warp something; to steal something

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan