歉

歉

See also: 欠

歉 U+6B49, 歉 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6B49 ← 歈 [U+6B48] CJK Unified Ideographs 歊 → [U+6B4A]

Translingual

Han character

歉 (radical 76, 欠+10, 14 strokes, cangjie input 廿金弓人 (TCNO) or X廿金弓人 (XTCNO), four-corner 8728₂, composition ⿰兼欠)

References

• KangXi: page 570, character 30
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16159
• Dae Jaweon: page 958, character 30
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 3, page 2148, character 11
• Unihan data for U+6B49

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		歉
variant forms		欠 second round simplified

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 歉
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
譧	*r'eːms
賺	*r'eːms
尲	*kreːm
鹻	*kreːmʔ
歉	*kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms
槏	*kʰreːmʔ
鰜	*ɡreːm, *keːm
稴	*ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
豏	*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms
甉	*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm
廉	*ɡ·rem
鎌	*ɡ·rem
鬑	*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
鐮	*ɡ·rem
簾	*ɡ·rem
薕	*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
蠊	*ɡ·rem
嬚	*ɡ·remʔ
溓	*ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
嵰	*kʰremʔ
隒	*ŋɡremʔ
熑	*ɡ·reːm
濂	*ɡ·reːm
燫	*ɡ·reːm
兼	*keːm, *keːms
縑	*keːm
鶼	*keːm
蒹	*keːm
搛	*keːm
謙	*kʰeːm
膁	*kʰeːmʔ
嗛	*kʰeːmʔ
慊	*kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb
傔	*kʰeːms
馦	*qʰeːm
嫌	*ɡeːm
鼸	*ɡeːmʔ
尷	*kreːm

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiàn (qian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hip³, him³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiam
• Min Nan (POJ): khiàm / khiám / khiam

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: qiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˋ
    • Wade–Giles: ch'ien⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiann
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: hip³, him³
    • Yale: hip, him
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hip⁸, him³
    • Guangdong Romanization: hib³, him³
    • IPA ^(key): /hiːp̚³/, /hiːm³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiam
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiam
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiam⁴
    • IPA: /kʰi̯am⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiàm
    • Tâi-lô: khiàm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiaxm
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /kʰiam²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam¹¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiám
    • Tâi-lô: khiám
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiarm
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kʰiam⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam
    • Tâi-lô: khiam
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiafm
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: /kʰem^X/, /kʰˠɛm^X/, /kʰˠɛm^H/▼

Rime
Character	歉	歉	歉
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	添 (157)	咸 (151)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	II	II
Fanqie	苦簟切	苦減切	口陷切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰemX/	/kʰˠɛmX/	/kʰˠɛmH/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰemX/	/kʰᵚæmX/	/kʰᵚæmH/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɛmX/	/kʰɐmX/	/kʰɐmH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɛmX/	/kʰəɨmX/	/kʰəɨmH/
Li Rong	/kʰemX/	/kʰɐmX/	/kʰɐmH/
Wang Li	/kʰiemX/	/kʰɐmX/	/kʰɐmH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰiemX/	/kʰămX/	/kʰămH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiǎn	qiǎn	qiàn

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤremʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰreːms/, /*kʰreːmʔ/, /*kʰeːmʔ/, /*kʰeːms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	歉
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ khɛmH ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁremʔ-s/
English	deficient, modest
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	歉	歉	歉	歉
Reading #	1/4	2/4	3/4	4/4
No.	6033	6034	6071	6075
Phonetic component	兼	兼	兼	兼
Rime group	談	談	談	談
Rime subdivision	2	2	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	歉	㦿	嗛
Old Chinese	/*kʰreːms/	/*kʰreːmʔ/	/*kʰeːmʔ/	/*kʰeːms/
Notes	校本右從攴

Definitions

歉

1. deficient, lacking, insufficient
2. to apologize
3. to regret

Compounds

三好兩歉／三好两歉 不知好歉 做好做歉 做歉做好 年歉 愧歉 抱歉 (bàoqiàn)

歉仄 歉年 歉意 (qiànyì) 歉收 (qiànshōu) 歉歲／歉岁 歉疚 (qiànjiù) 為好成歉／为好成歉

致歉 (zhìqiàn) 荒歉 (huāngqiàn) 要好成歉 豐歉／丰歉 道歉 (dàoqiàn) 道歉啟事／道歉启事

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Japanese

Kanji

歉

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. insufficiency
2. lack
3. shortage

Readings

• On (unclassified): けん (ken), かん (kan)
• Kun: あきたりない (akitarinai)

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Korean

Hanja

歉 • (gyeom) (hangeul 겸, revised gyeom, McCune–Reischauer kyŏm, Yale kyem)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

歉 (gồm, khiểm)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.