森林

森林

Chinese

		of trees, many	woods; forest
trad. (森林)		森	林
simp. #(森林)		森	林
anagram		林森

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): sēnlín

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄣ ㄌㄧㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): sam¹ lam⁴

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sêm-lìm
• Min Dong (BUC): sĕng-lìng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): serm-lîm / sim-lîm / sim-lîn / som-lîn / som-lîm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sim¹ lim⁵

• Wu (Wiktionary): sen lin (T1)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sēnlín
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄣ ㄌㄧㄣˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: senlín
    • Wade–Giles: sên¹-lin²
    • Yale: sēn-lín
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: senlin
    • Palladius: сэньлинь (sɛnʹlinʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sən⁵⁵ lin³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: sam¹ lam⁴
    • Yale: sām làhm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: sam¹ lam⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: sem¹ lem⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐm⁵⁵ lɐm²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sêm-lìm
    • Hakka Romanization System: sem´ limˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: sem¹ lim²
    • Sinological IPA: /sem²⁴ lim¹¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĕng-lìng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛiŋ⁵⁵ ^(l-)nˡiŋ⁵³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: serm-lîm
    • Tâi-lô: serm-lîm
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang): /səm³³ lim²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-lîm
    • Tâi-lô: sim-lîm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: simliim
    • IPA (Taipei): /ɕim⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɕim⁴⁴⁻²² lim²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕim⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim-lîn
    • Tâi-lô: sim-lîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: simliin
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ɕim⁴⁴⁻²² lin²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som-lîn
    • Tâi-lô: som-lîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: somliin
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɔm⁴⁴⁻²² lin¹³/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som-lîm
    • Tâi-lô: som-lîm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: somliim
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɔm⁴⁴⁻³³ lim²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sim¹ lim⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sim lîm
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sim³³⁻²³ lim⁵⁵/

Note: sim1 lim5 - Jieyang.

• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: sen lin (T1)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /səɲ⁵⁵ lɪɲ²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /ʃˠiɪm  liɪm/

Rime
Character	森	林
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)	侵 (139)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	所今切	力尋切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃˠiɪm/	/liɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃᵚim/	/lim/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃiem/	/ljem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂjim/	/lim/
Li Rong	/ʃjəm/	/liəm/
Wang Li	/ʃĭĕm/	/lĭĕm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʂi̯əm/	/li̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shēn	lín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sam1	lam4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.rəm  [r]əm/

  (Zhengzhang): /*srɯm  ɡ·rɯm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	森	林
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sēn	lín
Middle Chinese	‹ srim ›	‹ lim ›
Old Chinese	/*s.rəm/	/*[r]əm/
English	dense trees	forest
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	森	林
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	11003	8165
Phonetic component	森	林
Rime group	侵	侵
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	森	林
Old Chinese	/*srɯm/	/*ɡ·rɯm/

Noun

森林

1. (countable) forest; trees (Classifier: 片 m)

   森林砍伐率  ―  sēnlín kǎnfá lǜ  ―  rate of deforestation

   注重保護森林／注重保护森林  ―  zhùzhòng bǎohù sēnlín  ―  to attach importance to forest conservation

   請愛護森林。／请爱护森林。  ―  Qǐng àihù sēnlín.  ―  Please protect our trees.

2. (graph theory) forest (graph with no cycles)

Synonyms

• (forest; trees):

edit

密林 (mìlín) (dense forest) 深林 (shēnlín) (deep forest) 雨林 (yǔlín) (rainforest) 叢林／丛林 (cónglín) (dense forest)

林叢／林丛 (líncóng) (dense forest) 樹林／树林 (shùlín) 樹林子／树林子 (shùlínzi)

Derived terms

原始森林 (yuánshǐ sēnlín) 原生林 (yuánshēnglín) 森林大火 (sēnlín dàhuǒ)

水泥森林 (shuǐní sēnlín) 黑森林 (Hēi Sēnlín) 森林火災／森林火灾 (sēnlín huǒzāi)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (森林):

• → Japanese: 森林(しんりん) (shinrin)
• → Korean: 삼림(森林) (samnim)

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
森	林
しん Grade: 1	りん Grade: 1
on’yomi

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
• (Tokyo) しんりん [shìńríń] (Heiban – [0])[1]
• IPA^(key): [ɕĩnɾʲĩɴ]

Noun

森(しん)林(りん) • (shinrin) 

1. forest, timber

Derived terms

• 森林火災(しんりんかさい) (shinrin kasai)
• 森林公園(しんりんこうえん) (shinrin kōen)
• 森林浴(しんりんよく) (shinrin'yoku)

References

1. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN