森

森

森 U+68EE, 森 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-68EE ← 棭 [U+68ED] CJK Unified Ideographs 棯 → [U+68EF]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

森 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 木木木 (DDD), four-corner 4099₄, composition ⿱木林)

Derived characters

• 𠎊, 𢵳, 𣛧, 潹, 𤏗, 𦼚

Further reading

• KangXi: page 534, character 11
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14974
• Dae Jaweon: page 922, character 8
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1226, character 2
• Unihan data for U+68EE

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Chinese

trad.		森
simp. #		森

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 森
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Triplication of 木 (“tree”), to suggest a large number (compare 三) of trees such as one would find in a forest. Compare 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ram (“jungle; forest; country; field”) (STEDT). Schuessler (2007) suggests that it may be an intensive derivation of 林 (OC *rəm, “forest”), perhaps influenced by parallels in Austroasiatic, such as Old Khmer sarāma, sarāṃ (“a tract of stunted vegetation”), derived from rām (“inundated forest along a watercourse”). Alternatively, Mei (2012) suggests that the prefix *s- has a denominative function.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): sēn, shēn (sen¹, shen¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄣ, ㄕㄣ

  (Chengdu, SP): sen¹

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): сын (sɨn, I)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): sam¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): sem¹, sem³

• Gan (Wiktionary): sen¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sêm

  (Meixian, Guangdong): sêm¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): seng¹
• Min Bei (KCR): sáing
• Min Dong (BUC): sĕng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): sim / serm / sem / som

  (Teochew, Peng'im): siam¹ / siem¹ / sim¹ / siang¹

• Wu (Wiktionary): sen (T1)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): sen¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sēn
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sen
    • Wade–Giles: sên¹
    • Yale: sēn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sen
    • Palladius: сэнь (sɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sən⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shēn
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄣ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shen
    • Wade–Giles: shên¹
    • Yale: shēn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shen
    • Palladius: шэнь (šɛnʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂən⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: sen¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sen
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sən⁵⁵/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: сын (sɨn, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /səŋ²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: sam¹
    • Yale: sām
    • Cantonese Pinyin: sam¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: sem¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐm⁵⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: sem¹, sem³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sem³³/, /sem²²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: sen¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛn⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sêm
    • Hakka Romanization System: sem´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: sem¹
    • Sinological IPA: /sem²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: sêm¹
    • Sinological IPA: /sɛm⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: seng¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /sə̃ŋ¹¹/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sáing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saiŋ⁵⁴/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sĕng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛiŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sim
    • Tâi-lô: sim
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sym
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Kinmen): /ɕim⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, Lukang, Klang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: serm
    • Tâi-lô: serm
    • IPA (Yongchun): /səm⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Lukang, Klang): /səm³³/
  • (Hokkien: Hui'an)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sem
    • Tâi-lô: sem
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sefm
    • IPA (Hui'an): /sem³³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Zhangpu, Taichung, Sanxia, Yilan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: som
    • Tâi-lô: som
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sofm
    • IPA (Zhangzhou, Yilan): /sɔm⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangpu): /sɔm⁵⁵/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: siam¹ / siem¹ / sim¹ / siang¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: siam / siṳm / sim / siang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siam³³/, /siɯm³³/, /sim³³/, /siaŋ³³/

Note:

• siam1 - Shantou;
• siem1 - Chaozhou;
• sim1 - Jieyang;
• siang1 - Chenghai.

• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: sen (T1)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /səɲ⁵³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: sen¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sən³³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 森
Mandarin	Beijing	/sən⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/ʂən⁴⁴/ /sən⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/sən²¹/
	Jinan	/ʂẽ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/ʂə̃²¹²³/
	Zhengzhou	/ʂən²⁴/
	Xi'an	/sẽ²¹/
	Xining	/sə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/səŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/ʂə̃n³¹/
	Ürümqi	/sɤŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/sən⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/sən⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/sen⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/sə̃⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/sən³¹/
	Hefei	/sən²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/səŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/səŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/sə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/səŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/sən⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/sen³³/
	Wenzhou	/saŋ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/sʌ̃³¹/
	Tunxi	/san¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/sən³³/
	Xiangtan	/sən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɛn⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/sem⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/sem²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sɐm⁵³/
	Nanning	/sɐm⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/sɐm⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/sim⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/sɛiŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/saiŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/siam³³/ /sim³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/sim²³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ʃˠiɪm/

Rime
Character	森
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	侵 (140)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	所今切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃˠiɪm/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃᵚim/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃiem/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂjim/
Li Rong	/ʃjəm/
Wang Li	/ʃĭĕm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʂi̯əm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shēn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sam1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s.rəm/

  (Zhengzhang): /*srɯm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	森
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sēn
Middle Chinese	‹ srim ›
Old Chinese	/*s.rəm/
English	dense trees
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	森
Reading #	1/1
No.	11003
Phonetic component	森
Rime group	侵
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	森
Old Chinese	/*srɯm/

Definitions

森

1. full of trees; densely forested
2. in profusion; multitudinous; dense
3. dark; gloomy; cold

   陰森／阴森  ―  yīnsēn  ―  gloomy

4. orderly
5. strict; rigid; rigorous

   森嚴／森严  ―  sēnyán  ―  strict; tight

6. An orthographic borrowing of the Japanese surname 森, Mori
7. (～町):
   1. Mori (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)
   2. Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)
8. (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 森美蘭／森美兰 (Sēnměilán, “Negeri Sembilan”).

Compounds

冷森森 寒森森 林森 (Línsēn) 柏格森 森冷 森岑 森巴 (sēnbā) 森林 (sēnlín) 森林法 森林浴 (sēnlínyù) 森森 (sēnsēn) 森然 (sēnrán) 森蚺 (sēnrán) 毛骨森然 毛骨森竦

海森堡 (Hǎisēnbǎo) 白森森 (báisēnsēn) 艾森豪 (Àisēnháo) 詹森 麻森 (másēn) 黑森林 (Hēi Sēnlín) 亞松森／亚松森 (Yàsōngsēn) 劍戟森森／剑戟森森 壁壘森嚴／壁垒森严 (bìlěisēnyán) 布倫森／布伦森 森嚴／森严 (sēnyán) 森林學／森林学 森羅殿／森罗殿 森羅萬象／森罗万象 (sēnluó-wànxiàng) 森美蘭／森美兰 (Sēnměilán)

森豎／森竖 森鬱／森郁 毛髮森豎／毛发森竖 涼森森／凉森森 班強森／班强森 盧森堡／卢森堡 (Lúsēnbǎo) 萬象森羅／万象森罗 葉斯沛森／叶斯沛森 蕭森／萧森 號令森嚴／号令森严 警備森嚴／警备森严 門禁森嚴／门禁森严 陰森／阴森 (yīnsēn) 陰森森／阴森森 黃森森／黄森森

References

• “森”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

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Japanese

Alternative forms

• 杜 (less common; specific to the shrine grove sense)

Kanji

森

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. forest, woods
2. objects lined up
3. silent

Readings

• Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)^{←しん (sin, historical)←しむ (simu, ancient)}
• Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)^{←しん (sin, historical)←しむ (simu, ancient)}
• Kun: もり (mori, 森, Jōyō)
• Nanori: しげ (shige); しげる (shigeru)

Compounds

Compounds

• 森(しん)森(しん), 森(しん)々(しん) (shinshin)
• 森(しん)閑(かん) (shinkan)
• 森(しん)厳(ぜん) (shinzen)
• 森(しん)邃(すい) (shinsui)
• 森(しん)然(ぜん) (shinzen)
• 森(しん)羅(ら) (shinra)
• 森(しん)立(りつ) (shinritsu)
• 森(しん)林(りん) (shinrin)
• 森(しん)列(れつ) (shinretsu)
• 陰(いん)森(しん) (inshin)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
森
もり Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese, first attested in the Man'yōshū (c. 759 CE).[1]

Probably cognate with 盛り (mori, “heap, pile”), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 盛る (moru, “to heap up, to build up into a significant amount”), from the way a forest can look like a heap or mound from a distance.[2]

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
• (Tokyo) もり [mòrí] (Heiban – [0])[3][4][2]
• IPA^(key): [mo̞ɾʲi]

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

森(もり) • (mori) 

1. a forest (dense collection of trees)
   • 1999 July 22, “トレント [Trent]”, in Vol.4, Konami:

     まだまだ成(せい)長(ちょう)し続(つづ)けている森(もり)の大(たい)木(ぼく)。森(もり)の守(まも)り神(かみ)。

     Madamada seichōshitsuzuketeiru mori no taiboku. Mori no mamori kami.

     A growing forest tree. He is the guardian god of the woods.

   Synonym: 森林 (shinrin)

2. a shrine grove

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 森(モリ)青(アオ)蛙(ガエル) (mori aogaeru)
• 森(モリ)薊(アザミ) (mori-azami)
• 森(もり)ガール (mori-gāru)
• 森(もり)陰(かげ) (morikage)
• 森(もり)神(がみ) (morigami)
• 森(もり)川(かわ) (Morikawa)
• 森(もり)下(した) (Morishita)
• 森(もり)島(しま) (Morishima)
• 森(もり)嶋(しま) (Morishima)
• 森(もり)田(た) (Morita)
• 森(もり)派(は) (Mori-ha)
• 森(もり)番(ばん) (moriban)
• 森(もり)本(もと) (Morimoto)
• 森(もり)嫁(よめ) (mori yome, “forest nymph”)
• 青(あお)森(もり) (Aomori, “Aomori Prefecture”, literally "green forest")
• 雨(あめの)森(もり) (Amenomori)
• 生(いく)田(た)の森(もり) (Ikuta no Mori)
• 池(いけ)子(ご)の森(もり) (Ikego no Mori)
• 稲(イナ)森(モリ)草(ソウ) (inamorisō)
• 岩(いわ)瀬(せ)の森(もり) (Iwase no Mori)
• 磐(いわ)手(で)の森(もり) (Iwade no Mori)
• 浮(うき)田(た)の森(もり) (Ukita no Mori)
• 老(おい)蘇(その)森(もり), 老(おい)曽(その)森(もり) (Oiso no Mori)
• 大(おお)森(もり) (Ōmori)
• 笠(かさ)森(もり) (Kasamori)
• 金(かな)森(もり) (Kanamori)
• 気(け)色(しき)の森(もり) (Keshiki no mori)
• 小(こ)森(もり) (Komori)
• 笹(ささ)森(もり) (Sasamori)
• 重(しげ)森(もり) (Shigemori)
• 信(しの)太(だ)の森(もり) (Shinoda no mori)
• 杉(すぎ)森(もり) (Sugimori)
• 鈴(すず)ヶ森(もり) (Suzugamori)
• 高(たか)森(もり) (Takamori)
• 糺(ただす)の森(もり), 糺(ただす)ノ森(もり), 糾(ただす)ノ森(もり) (Tadasu no Mori)
• 鎮(ちん)守(じゅ)の森(もり) (chinju no Mori)
• 成(な)らずの森(もり) (narazu no Mori)
• 羽(は)束(つか)師(し)の森(もり) (Hatsukashi no Mori)
• 花(はな)森(もり) (Hanamori)
• 柞(ははそ)の森(もり) (hahaso no mori)
• 藤(ふじ)森(もり) (Fujimori)
• 丸(まる)森(もり) (Marumori)
• 明(めい)治(じ)の森(もり) (Meiji no Mori)
• 万(ゆる)木(ぎ)の森(もり) (Yurugi no Mori)

Proverbs

• 木(き)を見(み)て森(もり)を見(み)ず (ki o mite mori o mizu, “to not see the wood for the trees”)

See also

• 林(はやし) (hayashi, “a wood”, generally smaller than a mori)

Proper noun

森(もり) • (Mori) 

1. a surname
2. 森町:
   1. Mori (a town in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan)
   2. Mori (a town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan)

References

1. c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 10, poem 1850), text here
2. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

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Korean

Hanja

森 (eumhun 숲 삼 (sup sam))

1. forest

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Vietnamese

Han character

森: Hán Nôm readings: chùm, dụm, sâm, sum, sùm, xúm, dâm, dúm, râm, xum, xùm, hồng, dũng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation