桑

See also: 桒

桑	U+6851, 桑 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6851

← 桐
[U+6850]

CJK Unified Ideographs

桒 →
[U+6852]

Translingual

Han character

桑 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 水水水木 (EEED), four-corner 1790₄, composition ⿱叒木)

Derived characters

嗓, 𪤌, 𡠏, 搡, 𪶽, 𨻗, 𣉕, 𦟄, 槡, 𤌧, 𪼏, 磉, 縔, 𧏠, 褬, 𬧉, 䡦(𬨑), 𨢆, 鎟, 䮣, 𩺞, 𪳫, 㯩, 顙(颡), 𦶿, 𩮧

References

KangXi: page 526, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14772
Dae Jaweon: page 914, character 14
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1209, character 3
Unihan data for U+6851

Chinese

trad.		桑
simp. ^#		桑
2nd round simp.		𰗑
alternative forms		槡𣕐桒𠭨𠭌

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 桑
Shang	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (桑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
桒	*sŋaːŋ
桑	*sŋaːŋ
磉	*sŋaːŋʔ
顙	*sŋaːŋʔ
嗓	*sŋaːŋʔ
搡	*sŋaːŋʔ

Etymology 1

Unknown (Schuessler (2007)).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): sāng (sang¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ
(Chengdu, SP): sang¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): song¹
(Taishan, Wiktionary): lhong¹, lhong^1-4
Gan (Wiktionary): song¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sông
(Meixian, Guangdong): song¹
Jin (Wiktionary): son¹
Min Bei (KCR): só̤ng
Min Dong (BUC): sŏng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): sng / song
(Teochew, Peng'im): seng¹
Wu (Wiktionary): saan (T1)
Xiang (Wiktionary): san¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: sāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sang
  - Wade–Giles: sang¹
  - Yale: sāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sang
  - Palladius: сан (san)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: sang¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: song¹
  - Yale: sōng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: song¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: song¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔːŋ⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: lhong¹, lhong^1-4
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬɔŋ³³/, /ɬɔŋ³³⁻²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: song¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sông
  - Hakka Romanization System: song´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: song¹
  - Sinological IPA: /soŋ²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: song¹
  - Sinological IPA: /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: son¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /sɒ̃¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /souŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sng / song
  - Tâi-lô: sng / song
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sngf, sofng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /sŋ̍³³/, /sɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /sɔŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /sŋ̍⁴⁴/, /sɔŋ⁴⁴/

Note:

sng - vernacular;
song - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: seng¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯŋ³³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: saan (T1)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑ̃⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: san¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /san³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 桑
Mandarin	Beijing	/sɑŋ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/saŋ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/sɑŋ²¹/
	Jinan	/saŋ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/saŋ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/saŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/saŋ²¹/
	Xining	/sɔ̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/sɑŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/sɑ̃³¹/
	Ürümqi	/sɑŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/saŋ⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/saŋ⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/saŋ⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/sã̠⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/saŋ³¹/
	Hefei	/sɑ̃²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/sɒ̃¹¹/
	Pingyao	/sɑŋ¹³/ /ɕyə¹³/
	Hohhot	/sɑ̃³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/sɑ̃⁵³/
	Suzhou	/sɑ̃⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/sɑŋ³³/
	Wenzhou	/suɔ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/so³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/sau¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/san³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/sɔn³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɔŋ⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/soŋ⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/soŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sɔŋ⁵³/
	Nanning	/ɬɔŋ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/sɔŋ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/sɔŋ⁵⁵/ /sŋ̍⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/souŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/sɔŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/sɯŋ³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/saŋ²³/

Middle Chinese: /sɑŋ/

Rime
Character	桑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	唐 (101)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	息郎切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɑŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/sɑŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/sɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/saŋ/
Li Rong	/sɑŋ/
Wang Li	/sɑŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/sɑŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sāng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	song¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤaŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*sŋaːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	桑
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sāng
Middle Chinese	‹ sang ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁaŋ/
English	mulberry tree
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	桑
Reading #	1/1
No.	10980
Phonetic component	桑
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	桑
Old Chinese	/*sŋaːŋ/

Definitions

桑

mulberry tree
a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 桑樹 (“mulberry tree”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		桑樹, 桑
Taxonomic name		桑
Mandarin	Beijing	桑樹
	Taiwan	桑樹
	Harbin	桑樹
	Yantai (Muping)	桑樹
	Jinan	桑樹
	Luoyang	桑樹
	Xi'an	桑樹
	Yinchuan	桑樹
	Lanzhou	桑樹
	Xining	桑樹
	Ürümqi	桑樹
	Wuhan	桑樹
	Huanggang	桑樹
	Chengdu	桑葉樹, 桑樹
	Guiyang	桑樹
	Guilin	桑樹
	Liuzhou	桑樹
	Xuzhou	蠶桑, 桑樹
	Yangzhou	桑樹
	Nanjing	桑樹
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	桑樹
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	桑杏兒樹
Cantonese	Guangzhou	桑樹
	Hong Kong	桑樹
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	桑
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	桑樹
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	桑仔樹
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	桑仔樹
	Macau	桑樹
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	桑樹
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	桑樹
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	桑樹
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	桑樹
	Foshan	桑樹
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	桑樹
	Foshan (Shunde)	桑樹
	Foshan (Sanshui)	桑樹
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	桑
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	桑樹
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	蠶蟲樹
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	桑樹
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	桑樹
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	桑樹
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	桑樹
	Taishan	桑樹
	Kaiping (Chikan)	桑樹
	Enping (Niujiang)	桑
	Heshan (Yayao)	桑
	Dongguan	桑樹
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	桑樹
	Qingyuan	桑樹
	Fogang	桑樹
	Yingde (Hanguang)	桑樹
	Yangshan	桑
	Lianshan (Butian)	桑樹
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	桑樹
	Shaoguan	桑樹
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	桑樹
	Renhua	蠶樹
	Lechang	蠶樹
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	桑樹
	Sihui	桑樹
	Guangning	桑樹
	Deqing	桑樹
	Huaiji	桑
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	桑樹
	Yunfu	桑樹
	Xinxing	桑樹
	Luoding	桑樹
	Yunan (Pingtai)	桑樹
	Yangjiang	桑樹
	Xinyi	桑樹
	Lianjiang	桑樹, 蠶桑
	Nanning	桑樹
	Wuzhou	桑樹
	Yulin	蠶木
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	蠶樹
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	桑樹
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	桑樹
Gan	Nanchang	桑樹
	Lichuan	桑樹
	Pingxiang	桑樹
Hakka	Meixian	桑仔樹
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	桑樹
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	桑樹
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	桑樹
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	桑
	Conghua (Lütian)	桑樹
	Yudu	蠶子樹, 蠶樹
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	桑仔樹
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	桑仔樹
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	桑仔樹
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	桑垂樹
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	桑仔樹, 蠶樹
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	桑樹
	Hong Kong	桑仔樹
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	桑木
	Senai (Huiyang)	桑樹
Huizhou	Jixi	桑葉樹, 桑樹
Huizhou	Tunxi	桑樹, 蠶兒樹
Jin	Taiyuan	桑樹
	Pingyao	桑葚樹
	Xinzhou	桑錢樹, 桑樹
	Hohhot	桑樹
Min Bei	Jian'ou	蠶仔樹
Min Dong	Fuzhou	蠶繭樹, 蠶繭箬樹, 桑樹
	Changle	蠶囝樹
	Fuqing	桑囝樹
	Yongtai	蠶囝樹
	Gutian	桑樹
	Fu'an	桑樹
	Ningde	桑樹
	Shouning	桑柴
	Zhouning	桑柴
	Fuding	桑柴
	Matsu	蠶囝樹, 蟲樹
Min Nan	Xiamen	娘仔樹
	Zhangzhou	蠶垂, 蠶箬
	Pinghe	蠶仔樹
	Taipei	桑材仔
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	娘仔樹
	Kaohsiung	桑材
	Yilan	娘仔樹
	Changhua (Lukang)	桑材樹
	Taichung	桑垂樹
	Tainan	鹽桑仔叢
	Hsinchu	桑材
	Kinmen	桑材
	Penghu (Magong)	桑垂
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	桑樹
	Bangkok (Teochew)	桑樹
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	桑樹
	Leizhou	桑
	Haikou	蠶樹
Min Zhong	Yong'an	蠶仔樹
Min Zhong	Sanyuan	蠶仔樹
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	桑樹
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	桑樹, 桑子樹
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	桑根, 桑樹
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	桑樹
Wu	Shanghai	桑樹
	Shanghai (Chongming)	蠶葉樹
	Suzhou	桑樹
	Danyang	桑樹
	Hangzhou	桑樹
	Ningbo	桑樹
	Wenzhou	桑樹
	Jinhua	桑葉樹
Xiang	Changsha	桑葉樹
	Loudi	桑葉樹
	Quanzhou	桑葉樹, 桑樹

Compounds

Derived terms from 桑

佛桑
扶桑 (fúsāng)
扶桑花
暮景桑榆
暴桑
柴桑
桑中
桑堆 (Sāngduī)
桑弧蓬矢
桑德斯 (Sāngdésī)
桑扈
桑拿 (sāngná)
桑柔
桑柘
桑株 (Sāngzhū)
桑梓 (sāngzǐ)
桑梓之邦
桑榆 (sāngyú)
桑榆晚景 (sāngyúwǎnjǐng)
桑榆暮影
桑榆暮景 (sāngyúmùjǐng)
桑榆末景
桑琅琅
桑田 (sāngtián)
桑白皮 (sāngbáipí)
桑科
桑落

桑落酒
桑葚 (sāngshèn)
桑蓬之志
桑那浴
桑麻
洛桑 (Luòsāng)
渤澥桑田
空桑
空桑子
苞桑 (bāosāng)
躬桑
阿巴桑
陌上桑
隰桑
巴達桑／巴达桑
指桑罵槐／指桑骂槐 (zhǐsāngmàhuái)
指桑說槐／指桑说槐
東海桑田／东海桑田
桑中之約／桑中之约
桑乾河／桑干河 (Sānggānhé)
桑乾盆地／桑干盆地
桑新婦／桑新妇
桑樞／桑枢
桑樞甕牖／桑枢瓮牖
桑樹／桑树 (sāngshù)
桑澗／桑涧 (Sāngjiàn)

桑皮紙／桑皮纸
桑給巴爾／桑给巴尔 (Sāngjǐbā'ěr)
桑門／桑门
桑間之音／桑间之音 (sāngjiānzhīyīn)
桑間濮上／桑间濮上 (sāngjiānpúshàng)
條桑育／条桑育
歐吉桑／欧吉桑 (ōujísāng)
歐巴桑／欧巴桑 (ōubāsāng)
歷盡滄桑／历尽沧桑
洛桑公約／洛桑公约
洛桑會議／洛桑会议
滄桑／沧桑 (cāngsāng)
滄桑之變／沧桑之变
滄海桑田／沧海桑田 (cānghǎisāngtián)
濮上桑間／濮上桑间
甕牖桑樞／瓮牖桑枢
生桑之夢／生桑之梦
田月桑時／田月桑时
白桑關／白桑关 (Báisāngguān)
研桑心計／研桑心计
翳桑餓人／翳桑饿人
車桑仔／车桑仔
農桑／农桑
鄭衛桑間／郑卫桑间
雞犬桑麻／鸡犬桑麻
黃桑棒／黄桑棒

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Japanese さん (-san). Compare Min Nan 卡桑 (khà-sàng), 多桑 (tò-sàng), 歐巴桑／欧巴桑 (o͘-bá-sáng), and 歐吉桑／欧吉桑 (o͘-jí-sáng).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): sāng (sang¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄙㄤ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: sāng
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄤ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sang
  - Wade–Giles: sang¹
  - Yale: sāng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sang
  - Palladius: сан (san)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑŋ⁵⁵/

Definitions

桑

(Mandarin, ACG, Internet slang) -san

Synonyms

生 (shēng)

Related terms

醬／酱 (jiàng, “-chan”), 炭 (tàn, “-tan”), 君 (jūn, “-kun”), 樣／样 (yàng, “-sama”)

Japanese

桑

Kanji

桑

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

mulberry

Readings

Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
Kan-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)^{←さう (sau, historical)}
Kun: くわ (kuwa, 桑, Jōyō)^{←くは (kufa, historical)}
Nanori: こ (ko)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
桑
くわ Grade: S
kun’yomi

/kupa/ → /kuɸa/ → /kuwa/

From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1]

Ultimate derivation unclear. Definitely not related to Korean 뽕 (ppong, “mulberry tree”) or 오디 (odi, “mulberry fruit”), nor to Ainu テㇱマニ (tesmani, “mulberry tree”) or ツレㇷ゚ニ (turepni, “mulberry tree”).

Some theories suggest this might have originally been a compound. Possible derivations may include:

A shift from 蚕葉 (kopa, “silkworm + leaf”)
A shift from 胡葉 (kopa, “non-Chinese people to the west of China + leaf”), possibly referencing the origin of some mulberry species in central Asia
A contraction of 食ふ葉 (kupu pa, “eat + leaf”), where kupu is the ancient reading of modern 食う (kuu)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) くわ [kúꜜwà] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ᵝɰᵝa̠]

Noun

桑(くわ) • (kuwa) ^{←くは (kufa)^?}

mulberry

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as クワ.

This term can refer to the fruit or the tree. For greater specificity, the following may be used:

桑(くわ)の木(き) (kuwa no ki): mulberry tree
桑(くわ)の実(み) (kuwa no mi): mulberry fruit

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
桑
そう Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 桑 (MC sɑŋ).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [so̞ː]

Affix

桑(そう) • (sō) ^{←さう (sau)^?}

mulberry
(US) Short for 桑港 (“San Francisco (a city in California, United States)”).

References

“桑”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 桑 (MC sɑŋ).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	사ᇰ (Yale: sàng)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	ᄲᅩᇰ나모 (Yale: spwòng-nàmwò)	사ᇰ (Yale: sàng)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰa̠ŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [상]

Hanja

Wikisource桑 (eumhun 뽕나무 상 (ppongnamu sang))

Hanja form^? of 상 (“mulberry tree”). [affix]

Compounds

궁간상 (弓幹桑, gunggansang)
농상 (農桑, nongsang)
부상 (扶桑, Busang)
산상 (山桑, sansang)
상과 (桑果, sanggwa)
상근 (桑根, sanggeun)
상년 (桑年, sangnyeon)
상목 (桑木, sangmok)
상문 (桑門, sangmun)
상부 (桑婦, sangbu)
상실 (桑實, sangsil)
상야 (桑野, sang'ya)
상엽 (桑葉, sang'yeop)
상전 (桑田, sangjeon)
상전벽해 (桑田碧海, sangjeonbyeokhae)
상중 (桑中, sangjung)
상천우 (桑天牛, sangcheonu)
상호 (桑戶, sangho)
상호 (桑弧, sangho)
상호 (桑扈, sangho)
잠상 (蠶桑, jamsang)

Vietnamese

Han character

桑: Hán Nôm readings: tang, dâu

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[1] “桑”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN