桀
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Translingual
Han character
桀 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+6, 10 strokes, cangjie input 弓手木 (NQD), four-corner 25904, composition ⿱舛木)
Derived characters
- 傑, 𠹳, 嵥, 搩, 滐, 榤, 㻧, 磔, 謋, 䮪, 椉(乘,乗), 𡩣
References
- KangXi: page 524, character 15
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14753
- Dae Jaweon: page 913, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1203, character 5
- Unihan data for U+6840
Chinese
| trad. | 桀 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | 桀 | |
Etymology 1
According to Schussler (2007), 桀 (OC *ɡrad) and 傑 (OC *ɡrad) are the same word meaning "outstanding > hero"; insides Sinitic, it is cognate to 朅 (OC *kʰrad, “martial”); outsides Sinitic, it is related to either Mizo hrât (“valiant, resolute”) or Tibetan གྱད (gyad, “strength; champion, athlete”).
STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gjat (“hero, champion”) for 傑 (OC) ~ 桀 (OC *ɡrad) and གྱད (gyad).
Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (桀) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 桀 | *ɡrad |
| 傑 | *ɡrad |
| 榤 | *ɡrad |
| 嵥 | *ɡrad |
| 滐 | *ɡrad |
| 搩 | *ɡrad |
| 謋 | *qʰʷraːɡ |
舛 + 木.
Pronunciation
Definitions
桀
- chicken roost
- 雞棲于桀、日之夕矣、羊牛下括。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Jī qī yú jié, rì zhī xī yǐ, yáng niú xià kuò. [Pinyin]
- The fowls roost on their perches; and in the evening of the day, the goats and cows come down and home;
鸡栖于桀、日之夕矣、羊牛下括。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
- Jie of Xia, an ancient emperor
- 韋顧既伐、昆吾夏桀。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Wéi Gù jì fá, Kūnwú Xiàjié. [Pinyin]
- Having smitten [the princes of] Wei and Gu, [he smote] [the prince of] Kunwu, and with Jie of Xia.
韦顾既伐、昆吾夏桀。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- 桀德，惟乃弗作往任，是惟暴德罔後。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Documents, circa 7th – 4th centuries BCE
- Jié dé, wéi nǎi fú zuò wǎng rèn, shì wéi bàodé wǎng hòu. [Pinyin]
- Jie’s character was such that he did not follow precedents in making appointments, and therefore his character was violent and ruined the future [of his kingdom].
桀德，惟乃弗作往任，是惟暴德罔后。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- fierce; brutal; cruel
- 君不肖而側室賢，太子輕而庶子伉，官吏弱而人民桀，如此則國躁；國躁者，可亡也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Han Feizi, circa 2nd century BCE, translated based on W. K. Liao's version
- Jūn bùxiào ér cèshì xián, tàizǐ qīng ér shùzǐ kàng, guānlì ruò ér rénmín jié, rúcǐ zé guó zào; guó zào zhě, kěwáng yě. [Pinyin]
- If the ruler is unworthy but his half-brothers are worthy; if the heir apparent is powerless and the concubine's son surpasses him; or if the magistrates are weak and the people are fierce; then the state will be seized with a panic. And a panic-stricken state is liable to ruin.
君不肖而侧室贤，太子轻而庶子伉，官吏弱而人民桀，如此则国躁；国躁者，可亡也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to lift; to raise; to shoulder; to bear
- 齊高固入晉師，桀石以投人，禽之；而乘其車，繫桑本焉，以徇齊壘，曰：「欲勇者，賈余餘勇。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE, translation from Zuozhuan: Commentary on the "Spring and Autumn Annals" (2017), by Stephen Durrant, Wai-yee Li and David Schaberg
- Qí Gāo Gù rù Jìnshī, jié shí yǐ tóu rén, qín zhī; ér chéng qí chē, jì sāngběn yān, yǐ xùn Qí lěi, yuē: “Yù yǒng zhě, gǔ yú yúyǒng.” [Pinyin]
- Gao Gu of Qi entered the ranks of the Jin army, raised a stone and hurled it against a Jin man, took him captive; and then rode in his [the captive's] chariot, tying it to a mulberry trunk with its roots. He paraded around the Qi fortifications, saying, “Those who want valor can buy my surplus.”
齐高固入晋师，桀石以投人，禽之；而乘其车，系桑本焉，以徇齐垒，曰：“欲勇者，贾余余勇。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- Alternative form of 傑／杰 (jié, “outstanding; hero”).
- 伯兮朅兮、邦之桀兮。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Bó xī qiè xī, bāng zhī jié xī. [Pinyin]
- My noble husband is how martial-like! The hero of the country!
Usage notes
Barnwell (2013) proposes that the 桀 (jié, “hero”) mentioned in Classic of Poetry "Airs of Wey - Bo Xi" was indeed Jié of Xià (夏桀).[1]
References
- Barnwell, Scott A. (2013). "The Evolution of the Concept of De 德 in Early China" Sino-Platonic Paper, 235. p. 24-25, fn. 86
Etymology 2
| For pronunciation and definitions of 桀 – see 𠹳. (This character, 桀, is the simplified form of 𠹳.) |
Notes:
|
Japanese
Kanji
桀
(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)
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Readings
- On (unclassified): けつ (ketsu)
- Kun: はりつけ (haritsuke)
Korean
Hanja
桀 (eum 걸 (geol))
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Vietnamese
Han character
桀: Hán Nôm readings: kiệt
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