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单词 林
释义

林

林 U+6797, 林
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6797
← 枖
[U+6796]		CJK Unified Ideographs枘 →
[U+6798]
林 U+F9F4, 林
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9F4
← 麟
[U+F9F3]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs淋 →
[U+F9F5]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

林 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木木 (DD), four-corner 44990, composition ⿰木木)

Derived characters

  • 㑣, 啉, 𡍚, 㛦, 崊, 㣩, 惏, 㨆, 淋, 晽, 𦝃, 𤊩, 琳, 䢞, 𪾭, 碄, 綝(𬘭), 諃, 𨂕, 醂, 𧇨, 𪳻, 𮨭(𬱾), 𣒜, 彬, 郴, 㪔, 𬃂, 𬃴, 䫐(𬃲), 𠓭, 冧, 𠩵, 㚞, 㝝, 𡹇, 麻, 𣇰, 森, 菻, 𠄻, 痳, 罧, 𥦝, 𪩦, 𦋗, 箖, 𧇃, 𤾓, 䦥, 霖, 𧇥, 𠐙, 𬴫, 𪎦, 𣟒
  • 𣑽, 𫦯, 㭝, 𠵂, 埜, 梦, 𡘽, 婪, 𡹚, 梵, 梺, 椘, 𢛓, 𫿱, 𣈅, 𣓏, 𪵝, 焚, 㷊, 棼, 棽, 棾, 𣓕, 𣓴, 𪲡, 𬂽, 榃, 楚, 𥁹, 𥓙, 禁, 𣕯, 𣕽, 𣕾, 𪲵, 𫱒, 𬃕, 𬃚, 𧛀, 𧩋, 𧯴, 𧼖, 䠂, 辳, 㯄, 𧹫, 𪳟, 𨨗, 樷, 㯟, 㯬, 𪳯, 𬄜, 檒(𮨴), 𣜕, 𨤳, 𪳽, 𬄰, 𩤆, 𣝹, 㰈, 𬷞, 麓, 𧰔, 𬅐, 𬅛, 𮟝, 𣫓

References

  • KangXi: page 516, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14551
  • Dae Jaweon: page 903, character 19
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1164, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+6797
  • Unihan data for U+F9F4

Chinese

simp. and trad.
林

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 林
ShangWestern ZhouShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (林) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
婪*ɡ·ruːm
惏*ɡ·ruːm
啉*ɡ·ruːm
漤*ɡ·ruːmʔ
醂*ɡ·ruːmʔ
林*ɡ·rɯm
琳*ɡ·rɯm
淋*ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms
痳*ɡ·rɯm
箖*ɡ·rɯm
霖*ɡ·rɯm
菻*ɡ·rɯmʔ, *ɡ·rɯms
罧*slɯmʔ, *srɯms
棽*r̥ʰɯm, *srɯm
綝*r̥ʰɯm
郴*r̥ʰɯm
禁*krɯm, *krɯms
襟*krɯm
僸*krɯms, *ŋɡrɯmʔ
澿*ɡrɯm
噤*ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
凚*ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
齽*ɡrɯms

Duplication of 木 (“tree”) to give the idea of multiple trees (compare 森), thus a forest.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ram (“jungle; forest; country; field”) (STEDT). Cognate with 森 (OC *srɯm, “forest”), Mizo ram (“forest; country”), Karbi ram (“jungle”).

Or perhaps an area word (Schuessler, 2007), shared with Khmer រាម (riəm, “thick bushy jungle that grows along a stream”), Old Khmer *rām (“inundated forest along a watercourse”), Old Khmer sarāma ~ sarāṃ (“a tract of stunted vegetation”), Mon ရာံ (rèm, “copse; patch of woodland”).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): lín (lin2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄣˊ
    (Chengdu, SP): nin2
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): lam4
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lim3, lem4
  • Gan (Wiktionary): lin4
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): lìm
    (Meixian, Guangdong): lim2
  • Jin (Wiktionary): ling1
  • Min Bei (KCR): lâng
  • Min Dong (BUC): lìng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): nâ / lîm / lêm
    (Teochew, Peng'im): nan5 / lim5
  • Wu (Wiktionary): lin (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): lin2
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: lín
      • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄣˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: lín
      • Wade–Giles: lin2
      • Yale: lín
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lin
      • Palladius: линь (linʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lin³⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: nin2
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lin
      • Sinological IPA (key): /nin²¹/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: lam4
      • Yale: làhm
      • Cantonese Pinyin: lam4
      • Guangdong Romanization: lem4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɐm²¹/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lim3, lem4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lim²²/, /lem²¹/
Note: lim3 - including surname.
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: lin4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lin³⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lìm
      • Hakka Romanization System: limˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: lim2
      • Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: lim2
      • Sinological IPA: /lim¹¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: ling1
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /lĩŋ¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lâng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /laŋ³³/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: lìng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /l̃iŋ⁵³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Zhangpu, Longyan, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nâ
      • Tâi-lô: nâ
      • Phofsit Daibuun: naa
      • IPA (Longyan): /nã¹¹/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /nã²³/
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /nã²¹³/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /nã¹³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Taipei): /nã²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Zhangpu, Longyan, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîm
      • Tâi-lô: lîm
      • Phofsit Daibuun: liim
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lim²³/
      • IPA (Zhangpu): /lim²¹³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Taipei, Singapore): /lim²⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lim¹³/
      • IPA (Longyan): /lim¹¹/
    • (Hokkien: Hui'an)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêm
      • Tâi-lô: lêm
      • Phofsit Daibuun: leem
      • IPA (Hui'an): /lem²⁴/
Note:
  • nâ - vernacular;
  • lîm/lêm - literary (including surname).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: nan5 / lim5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nâⁿ / lîm
      • Sinological IPA (key): /nã⁵⁵/, /lim⁵⁵/
Note:
  • nan5 - vernacular;
  • lim5 - literary (including surname).
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: lin (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɪɲ²³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: lin2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lin¹³/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
林
MandarinBeijing/lin³⁵/
Harbin/lin²⁴/
Tianjin/lin⁴⁵/
Jinan/liẽ⁴²/
Qingdao/liə̃⁴²/
Zhengzhou/lin⁴²/
Xi'an/liẽ²⁴/
Xining/liə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan/liŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou/lĩn⁵³/
Ürümqi/liŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan/nin²¹³/
Chengdu/nin³¹/
Guiyang/nin²¹/
Kunming/lĩ¹/
Nanjing/lin²⁴/
Hefei/lin⁵⁵/
JinTaiyuan/liəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao/liŋ¹³/
Hohhot/lĩŋ³¹/
WuShanghai/liŋ²³/
Suzhou/lin¹³/
Hangzhou/lin²¹³/
Wenzhou/leŋ³¹/
HuiShexian/liʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi/lin⁴⁴/
XiangChangsha/lin¹³/
Xiangtan/nin¹²/
GanNanchang/lin⁴⁵/
HakkaMeixian/lim¹¹/
Taoyuan/lim¹¹/
CantoneseGuangzhou/lɐm²¹/
Nanning/lɐm²¹/
Hong Kong/lɐm²¹/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/lim³⁵/
/na³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/liŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/leiŋ³³/
/laŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan)/lim⁵⁵/
/nã⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan)/lim³¹/
  • Middle Chinese: /liɪm/
Rime
Character林
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)來 (37)
Final (韻)侵 (139)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie力尋切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/liɪm/
Pan
Wuyun		/lim/
Shao
Rongfen		/ljem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/lim/
Li
Rong		/liəm/
Wang
Li		/lĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren		/li̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		lín
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		lam4
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]əm/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·rɯm/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character林
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		lín
Middle
Chinese		‹ lim ›
Old
Chinese		/*[r]əm/
Englishforest

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character林
Reading #1/1
No.8165
Phonetic
component		林
Rime
group		侵
Rime
subdivision		1
Corresponding
MC rime		林
Old
Chinese		/*ɡ·rɯm/

Definitions

林

  1. forest; grove; woods
    竹林  ―  zhúlín  ―  bamboo forest
    防風林／防风林  ―  fángfēnglín  ―  windbreak; shelterbelt
  2. circle; community; group of similar people or things
    武林  ―  wǔlín  ―  martial arts world
  3. forestry
  4. a surname, commonly romanized as Lin, Lim, and Lam
    林默娘  ―  Lín Mòniáng  ―  Lin Moniang (a Chinese sea goddess also known by several other names and titles)
    林則徐／林则徐  ―  Lín Zéxú  ―  Lin Zexu (Qing dynasty Chinese official)
    林彪  ―  Lín Biāo  ―  Lin Biao (a Marshal of the People's Republic of China)

Compounds

Derived terms from 林

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (林):
  • → Japanese: 林(りん) (rin)
  • → Korean: 림(林) (rim), 임(林) (im)
  • → Vietnamese: lâm (林)

Others:

  • → English: Lin, Lam, Lum, Lim
  • → Tagalog: Lim

Further reading

  • “Entry #4208”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

林

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)←りん (rin, historical)←りむ (rimu, ancient)
  • Kan-on: りん (rin, Jōyō)←りん (rin, historical)←りむ (rimu, ancient)
  • Kun: はやし (hayashi, 林, Jōyō)←はやし (fayasi, historical); おおい (ōi, 林い)←おほい (ofoi, historical)
  • Nanori: き (ki); きみ (kimi); しげ (shige); しげる (shigeru); とき (toki); ふさ (fusa); もと (moto); もり (mori); よし (yoshi)

Compounds

  • 林(りん)檎(ご) (ringo, “apple”)
  • 少(しょう)林(りん) (Shōrin, “Shaolin”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
林
はやし
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. First mentioned in the Man'yōshū, completed in 759 CE.[1]

Derives from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 生やす (hayasu, “to grow”).[1] The root verb is in the transitive form, suggesting that the original sense of hayashi may have indicated a deliberately planted or managed grove.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) はやし​ [hàyáshíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[2][3][4]
  • (Tokyo) はやし [hàyáshí] (Heiban – [0])[2][3][4]
  • IPA(key): [ha̠ja̠ɕi]

Noun

林(はやし) • (hayashi) 

  1. [from 759] a grove, woods, copse
  2. [from 759] (figuratively) a forest of something
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 梅(うめ)林(ばやし) (umebayashi)
  • 小(こ)林(ばやし) (Kobayashi)
  • 竹(たけ)林(ばやし) (takebayashi)
  • 松(まつ)林(ばやし) (matsubayashi)
See also
  • 森(もり) (mori, “forest”, generally larger than a hayashi)

Proper noun

林(はやし) • (Hayashi) 

  1. a surname
  2. a female given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
林
りん
Grade: 1
on’yomi

/rimʉ/ → /riɴ/

From Middle Chinese 林 (MC liɪm).

Affix

林(りん) • (rin) 

  1. grove, forest, woods, copse
  2. gathering
  3. lined up
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 林(りん)間(かん) (rinkan)
  • 林(りん)業(ぎょう) (ringyō)
  • 林(りん)道(どう) (rindō)
  • 林(りん)野(や) (rin'ya)
  • 林(りん)立(りつ) (rinritsu)
  • 学(がく)林(りん) (gakurin)
  • 翰(かん)林(りん) (kanrin)
  • 芸(げい)林(りん) (geirin)
  • 原(げん)生(せい)林(りん) (genseirin)
  • 混(こん)交(こう)林(りん) (konkōrin)
  • 山(さん)林(りん) (sanrin)
  • 辞(じ)林(りん) (jirin)
  • 樹(じゅ)林(りん) (jurin)
  • 純(じゅん)林(りん) (junrin)
  • 書(しょ)林(りん) (shorin)
  • 松(しょう)林(りん) (shōrin)
  • 植(しょく)林(りん) (shokurin)
  • 僧(そう)林(りん) (sōrin)
  • 森(しん)林(りん) (shinrin)
  • 疎(そ)林(りん) (sorin)
  • 造(ぞう)林(りん) (zōrin)
  • 竹(ちく)林(りん) (chikurin)
  • 梅(ばい)林(りん) (bairin)
  • 密(みつ)林(りん) (mitsurin)

Proper noun

林(りん) • (Rin) 

  1. a surname
  2. (rare) a female given name
Usage notes

As a surname, this reading is more often used by people of Chinese ancestry, since it is similar to the Mandarin Chinese reading of Lín.

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  4. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 林 (MC liɪm). Recorded as Middle Korean 림 (lim) (Yale: lim) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource林 (eumhun 수풀 림 (supul rim), South Korea 수풀 임 (supul im))

  1. Hanja form? of 림/임 (“forest”).

Compounds

Compounds
  • 산림 (山林, sallim)
  • 삼림 (森林, samnim)
  • 밀림 (密林, millim)
  • 농림 (農林, nongnim)
  • 임업 (林業, imeop)
  • 수림 (樹林, surim)
  • 무림 (茂林, murim)
  • 죽림 (竹林, jungnim)
  • 임야 (林野, imya, “forest land; woods and fields”)
  • 삼림욕 (森林浴, samnimyok)
  • 원시림 (原始林, wonsirim)
  • 열대우림 (熱帶雨林, yeoldae'urim)

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

林: Hán Nôm readings: lâm, Lâm

  1. forest
  2. gathering
  3. dense
  4. a surname

References

  • Hán Việt Tự Điển Thiều Chửu v. 3.0, http://vietnamtudien.org/thieuchuu, http://vietnamtudien.org/thieuchuu/&h75.htm#26519
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