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单词 松
释义

松

See also: 鬆
松 U+677E, 松
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-677E
← 杽
[U+677D]		CJK Unified Ideographs板 →
[U+677F]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

松 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木金戈 (DCI), four-corner 48932, composition ⿰木公)

Derived characters

  • 倯 凇 㟣 淞 硹 䘴 蜙 𡨭 崧 菘 𥯆 𩃭 鬆 𦦵

References

  • KangXi: page 514, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14516
  • Dae Jaweon: page 901, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1173, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+677E

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (公) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
慃*qroːŋʔ
袞*kluːnʔ
蔉*kluːnʔ
滾*kluːnʔ
忩*sʰloːŋ
鬆*sqʰloːŋs, *sqʰluːŋ, *skʰloŋ, *sqʰloŋ
凇*sqʰloːŋs, *sqʰloŋ, *sɢloŋ
公*kloːŋ
蚣*kloːŋ, *kljoŋ
翁*qloːŋ
螉*qloːŋ
蓊*qloːŋ, *qloːŋʔ
嗡*qloːŋ
滃*qloːŋʔ
暡*qloːŋʔ
勜*qloːŋʔ
塕*qloːŋʔ
瓮*qloːŋs
崧*sqʰluŋ
菘*sqʰluŋ
硹*sqʰluŋ
淞*sqʰloŋ, *sɢloŋ
蜙*sqʰloŋ
倯*sqʰloŋ
松*sɢloŋ
訟*sɢloŋ, *sɢloŋs
頌*sɢloŋs, *loŋ
忪*kljoŋ
彸*kljoŋ
衳*kljoŋ
伀*kljoŋ
妐*kljoŋ
炂*kljoŋ
鈆*kljoŋ, *lon

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *sɢloŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 公 (OC *kloːŋ).

Etymology 1

trad.松
simp. #松
alternative forms枩
柗
梥
枀

Miyake (1997), apud Schuessler (2007), associated 松 (OC *sɢloŋ) with Old Japanese 杉 (sugi2, “cryptomeria”); superficially similar to Thai สน (sǒn, “pine”).

The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is sóng. The sound change to the yinping (陰平／阴平) pronunciation in Mandarin dialects is to avoid homophony with the word 㞞／𪨊 (sóng, “semen”).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): sōng (song1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄥ
    (Chengdu, SP): song1
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): cung4
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): chhiùng
    (Meixian, Guangdong): qiung2
  • Min Bei (KCR): cě̤ng
  • Min Dong (BUC): sṳ̀ng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): chêng / chhêng / siông
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sêng5 / song5
  • Wu (Wiktionary): son (T1)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): zong2
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: sōng
      • Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄥ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: song
      • Wade–Giles: sung1
      • Yale: sūng
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: song
      • Palladius: сун (sun)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sʊŋ⁵⁵/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: song1
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sung
      • Sinological IPA (key): /soŋ⁵⁵/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: cung4
      • Yale: chùhng
      • Cantonese Pinyin: tsung4
      • Guangdong Romanization: cung4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰʊŋ²¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiùng
      • Hakka Romanization System: qiungˇ
      • Hagfa Pinyim: qiung2
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕʰi̯uŋ¹¹/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: qiung2
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕʰiʊŋ¹¹/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cě̤ng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sœyŋ²¹/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̀ng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /syŋ⁵³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chêng
      • Tâi-lô: tsîng
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zeeng
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /t͡ɕiɪŋ²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhêng
      • Tâi-lô: tshîng
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zheeng
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕʰiɪŋ¹³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕʰiɪŋ²³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /t͡ɕʰiɪŋ²⁴/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siông
      • Tâi-lô: siông
      • Phofsit Daibuun: sioong
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕiɔŋ²³/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɕiɔŋ²⁴/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕiɔŋ¹³/
Note:
  • chêng/chhêng - vernacular (chêng is more common in Xiamen and Quanzhou);
  • siông - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: sêng5 / song5
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sêng / sông
      • Sinological IPA (key): /seŋ⁵⁵/, /soŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
  • sêng5 - vernacular;
  • song5 - literary.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: son (T1)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sʊŋ⁵³/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: zong2
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /t͡sʊŋ¹³/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /t͡sən¹³/
  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
松 (松樹)
MandarinBeijing/suŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin/suŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin/suŋ²¹/
Jinan/ɕyŋ²¹³/
Qingdao/səŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou/syuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an/suŋ²¹/
Xining/suə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan/suŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou/sũn³¹/
Ürümqi/suŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan/soŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu/soŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang/soŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming/soŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing/soŋ³¹/
Hefei/səŋ⁵³/
JinTaiyuan/suəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao/suŋ¹³/
Hohhot/sũŋ³¹/
WuShanghai/soŋ⁵³/
Suzhou/soŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou/soŋ³³/
Wenzhou/jyɔ³¹/
HuiShexian/t͡sʰʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi/t͡sʰan⁴⁴/
XiangChangsha/soŋ³³/
/t͡soŋ¹³/
Xiangtan/sən³³/
GanNanchang/t͡ɕʰiuŋ²⁴/ ～毛
/suŋ⁴²/ ～香
HakkaMeixian/t͡sʰiuŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan/suŋ¹¹/
CantoneseGuangzhou/t͡sʰoŋ²¹/
Nanning/t͡sʰuŋ²¹/
Hong Kong/t͡sʰuŋ²¹/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/siɔŋ³⁵/
/t͡siŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/syŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/t͡sœyŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan)/soŋ⁵⁵/
/seŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan)/toŋ³¹/
  • Middle Chinese: /zɨoŋ/
Rime
Character松
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)邪 (17)
Final (韻)鍾 (7)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie祥容切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/zɨoŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		/zioŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		/zioŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/zuawŋ/
Li
Rong		/zioŋ/
Wang
Li		/zĭwoŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		/zi̯woŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		sóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		cung4
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*sə.ɢoŋ/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sɢloŋ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character松
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		sōng
Middle
Chinese		‹ zjowng ›
Old
Chinese		/*sə.ɢoŋ/
Englishpine (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character松
Reading #1/1
No.4115
Phonetic
component		公
Rime
group		東
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		松
Old
Chinese		/*sɢloŋ/

Definitions

松

  1. pine tree
    • 淇水滺滺、檜楫松舟。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
      淇水滺滺、桧楫松舟。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Qíshuǐ yóuyóu, guìjí sōngzhōu. [Pinyin]
      The waters of the Qi flow smoothly; there are the oars of juniper and boats of pine.
  2. a surname, 216th in the Baijiaxing

Compounds

Derived terms from 松

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 松 – see 鬆 (“disheveled; unkempt; loose; etc.”).
(This character, 松, is the simplified form of 鬆.)
Notes:
  • Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore.
  • Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

References

  • “松”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai松
Kyūjitai
[1][2][3]
松󠄁
松+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
松󠄃
松+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

松

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: じゅ (ju)←じゆ (zyu, historical)
  • Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)←しよう (syou, historical)
  • Kun: まつ (matsu, 松, Jōyō)←まつ (matu, historical)
  • Nanori: おお (ō); しょ (sho); ときわ (tokiwa)←ときは (tokifa, historical); ま (ma); ます (masu); まち (machi); まっ (ma')

Alternative forms

  • 枩, 柗, 梥, 㮤

Compounds

Compounds
  • 松(しょう)衣(い) (shōi)
  • 松(しょう)陰(いん), 松(しょう)蔭(いん) (shōin)
  • 松(しょう)筠(いん) (shōin)
  • 松(しょう)韻(いん) (shōin)
  • 松(しょう)雨(う) (shōu)
  • 松(しょう)雲(うん) (shōun)
  • 松(しょう)影(えい) (shōei)
  • 松(しょう)液(えき) (shōeki)
  • 松(しょう)煙(えん) (shōen)
  • 松(しょう)下(か) (shōka)
  • 松(しょう)火(か) (shōka)
  • 松(しょう)柯(か) (shōka)
  • 松(しょう)檟(か) (shōka)
  • 松(しょう)鶴(かく) (shōkaku)
  • 松(しょう)間(かん) (shōkan)
  • 松(しょう)巌(がん) (shōgan)
  • 松(しょう)菊(きく) (shōkiku)
  • 松(しょう)毬(きゅう) (shōkyū)
  • 松(しょう)炬(きょ) (shōkyo)
  • 松(しょう)魚(ぎょ) (shōgyo)
  • 松(しょう)嶠(きょう) (shōkyō)
  • 松(しょう)狗(く) (shōku)
  • 松(しょう)径(けい) (shōkei)
  • 松(しょう)契(けい) (shōkei)
  • 松(しょう)扃(けい) (shōkei)
  • 松(しょう)軒(けん) (shōken)
  • 松(しょう)骨(こつ) (shōkotsu)
  • 松(しょう)根(こん) (shōkon)
  • 松(しょう)釵(さい) (shōsai)
  • 松(しょう)子(し) (shōshi): pinecone
  • 松(しょう)脂(し) (shōshi): pine resin
  • 松(しょう)樹(じゅ) (shōju)
  • 松(しょう)楸(しゅう) (shōshū)
  • 松(しょう)梢(しょう) (shōshō)
  • 松(しょう)心(しん) (shōshin)
  • 松(しょう)針(しん) (shōshin)
  • 松(しょう)蕈(じん) (shōjin)
  • 松(しょう)翠(すい) (shōsui)
  • 松(しょう)声(せい) (shōsei)
  • 松(しょう)石(せき) (shōseki)
  • 松(しょう)雪(せつ) (shōsetsu)
  • 松(しょう)鼠(そ) (shōso)
  • 松(しょう)窓(そう) (shōsō)
  • 松(しょう)亭(てい) (shōtei)
  • 松(しょう)濤(とう) (shōtō)
  • 松(しょう)煤(ばい) (shōbai)
  • 松(しょう)柏(はく) (shōhaku)
  • 松(しょう)風(ふう) (shōfū)
  • 松(しょう)棚(ほう) (shōhō)
  • 松(しょう)明(めい) (shōmei)
  • 松(しょう)門(もん) (shōmon)
  • 松(しょう)蘿(ら) (shōra)
  • 松(しょう)籟(らい) (shōrai)
  • 松(しょう)陵(りょう) (shōryō)
  • 松(しょう)林(りん) (shōrin)
  • 松(しょう)露(ろ) (shōro)
  • 松(しょう)醪(ろう) (shōrō)
  • 松明(たいまつ) (taimatsu)
  • 松(まつ)浦(うら) (Matsuura)
  • 松(まつ)江(え) (Matsue)
  • 松(まつ)風(かぜ) (matsukaze)
  • 松(まつ)皮(かわ) (matsukawa)
  • 松(まつ)阪(さか) (Matsusaka)
  • 松(まつ)崎(ざき) (Matsuzaki)
  • 松(まつ)桜(ざくら) (matsuzakura)
  • 松(まつ)島(しま) (Matsushima)
  • 松(まつ)代(しろ) (Matsushiro)
  • 松(まつ)脂(やに) (matsuyani): pine resin
  • 倚松
  • 雲(うん)松(しょう) (unshō)
  • 簷松
  • 哦(が)松(しょう) (gashō)
  • 門(かど)松(まつ) (kadomatsu)
  • 寒(かん)松(しょう) (kanshō)
  • 危松
  • 旧松
  • 喬(きょう)松(しょう) (kyōshō)
  • 暁松
  • 勁(けい)松(しょう) (keishō)
  • 孤(こ)松(しょう) (koshō)
  • 枯(こ)松(しょう) (koshō)
  • 小(こ)松(まつ) (komatsu)
  • 小(こ)松(まつ) (Komatsu)
  • 杉松
  • 深松
  • 青(せい)松(しょう) (seishō)
  • 石松
  • 高(たか)松(まつ) (Takamatsu)
  • 聴(ちょう)松(しょう) (chōshō)
  • 低松
  • 貞(てい)松(しょう) (teishō)
  • 盤(ばん)松(しょう) (banshō)
  • 風松
  • 碧(へき)松(しょう) (hekishō)
  • 暮松
  • 茂松 (茂松)
  • 瘦(やせ)松(まつ) (yasematsu)
  • 老松
  • 若(わか)松(まつ) (wakamatsu)
  • 若(わか)松(まつ) (Wakamatsu)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
松
まつ
Grade: 4
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) ま​つ [máꜜtsù] (Atamadaka – [1])[4][5][6]
  • IPA(key): [ma̠t͡sɨᵝ]

Noun

松(まつ) • (matsu) ←まつ (matu)?

  1. a pine tree
  2. a pine branch decorated for the celebration of New Year
  3. the highest rank of a 3-tier ranking system

Coordinate terms

  • (rank):
    • 竹(たけ) (take): the middle rank
    • 梅(うめ) (ume): the lowest rank

Proper noun

松(まつ) • (Matsu) 

  1. a surname

References

  1. 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014), “松”, in 字通 普及版 (Jitsū fukyūban, “Jitsū trade edition”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
  2. 1914, 漢和大辭書 (Kanwa Dai Jisho, “The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 1112 (paper), page 607 (digital), Tōkyō: 興文社 (Kōbunsha)
  3. 1927, 新漢和辭典 (Shin Kanwa Jiten, “The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary”) (in Japanese), page 669 (paper), page 347 (digital), Ōsaka: 松雲堂 (Shōundō)
  4. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  6. 2011, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Seventh Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

松 (eumhun 소나무 송 (sonamu song))

  1. pine

Vietnamese

Han character

松: Hán Nôm readings: tùng, thông, tòng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Zhuang

Numeral

松

  1. Sawndip form of song
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