東胡

Chinese

		east	barbarian
trad. (東胡)		東	胡
simp. (东胡)		东	胡

Etymology

Likely unrelated to Russian тунгус (tungus) and English Tungus. According to Pulleybank (1983), the similarity in the pronunciation of 東胡／东胡 (Dōnghú) and Tungus is coincidental, and the Donghu people were proto-Mongols that were not Tungusic in language.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): Dōnghú
(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥㄏㄨˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): dung¹ wu⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: Dōnghú
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥㄏㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: Donghú
  - Wade–Giles: Tung¹-hu²
  - Yale: Dūng-hú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Donghwu
  - Palladius: Дунху (Dunxu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵ xu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: dung¹ wu⁴
  - Yale: dūng wùh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dung¹ wu⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: dung¹ wu⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵ wuː²¹/

Middle Chinese: /tuŋ ɦuo/

Rime
Character	東	胡
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	東 (1)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	德紅切	戸吳切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuŋ/	/ɦuo/
Pan Wuyun	/tuŋ/	/ɦuo/
Shao Rongfen	/tuŋ/	/ɣo/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/təwŋ/	/ɦɔ/
Li Rong	/tuŋ/	/ɣo/
Wang Li	/tuŋ/	/ɣu/
Bernard Karlgren	/tuŋ/	/ɣuo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dōng	hú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dung¹	wu⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤoŋ [ɡ]ˤa/
(Zhengzhang): /*toːŋ ɡaː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	東	胡
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dōng	hú
Middle Chinese	‹ tuwng ›	‹ hu ›
Old Chinese	/tˁoŋ/ (< tˁoŋʔ ?)	/*[ɡ]ˁa/
English	east	foreigners in the north
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	東	胡
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	2435	4255
Phonetic component	東	古
Rime group	東	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	東	胡
Old Chinese	/*toːŋ/	/*ɡaː/
Notes	種（種籽）初文，甲金文象種皮甲坼萌生根芽，參敕字陳字注

Proper noun

東胡

Donghu (a historical tribal confederation of nomadic people that inhabited present-day northern Hebei, southeastern Inner Mongolia and western Northeast China)