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单词 来る
释义

来る

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
来
く
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
來る (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese 来 (ku). Compare the development of modern する (suru) from Old Japanese す.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712.[1]

Cognate with Kunigami 来ん (sun), Miyako 来 (ksï), Okinawan 来ーん (chuun), Yaeyama 来ん (kïn), Yonaguni 来ん (kun).

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) く​る [kúꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3][4]
  • (Mishima) くる [kùrú] (Heiban – [0])[5]
  • IPA(key): [kɯ̟ᵝɾɯ̟ᵝ]
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "来る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		来るく​る[kúꜜrù]
Imperative (命令形)来いこ​い[kóꜜì]
Key constructions
Passive来られるこられ​る[kòráréꜜrù]
Causative来させるこさせ​る[kòsáséꜜrù]
Potential来られるこられ​る[kòráréꜜrù]
Volitional来ようこよ​ー[kòyóꜜò]
Negative来ないこ​ない[kóꜜnàì]
Negative perfective来なかったこ​なかった[kóꜜnàkàttà]
Formal来ますきま​す[kìmáꜜsù]
Perfective来たき​た[kíꜜtà]
Conjunctive来てき​て[kíꜜtè]
Hypothetical conditional来ればく​れば[kúꜜrèbà]

Verb

来(く)る • (kuru) intransitive kuru (stem 来(き) (ki), past 来(き)た (kita))

  1. [from 712] to come (toward the speaker/writer)
    お客(きゃく)さんがあまり来(こ)ないお店(みせ)
    o-kyaku-san ga amari konai o-mise
    a shop that does not see many visitors
  2. [from 1908] (specifically, of a sensation) to come and stimulate
    心(こころ)に来(く)る悲(かな)しさ
    kokoro ni kuru kanashisa
    sadness that strikes the heart
    喉(のど)に来(く)る辛(から)さ
    nodo ni kuru karasa
    spiciness that assaults the throat
    胃(い)に来(く)る
    i ni kuru
    to noticeably affect the stomach
  3. (と来たら (to kitara)) when it comes to
Conjugation
Conjugation of "来る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)来こ ko
Continuative (連用形)来き ki
Terminal (終止形)来るくる kuru
Attributive (連体形)来るくる kuru
Hypothetical (仮定形)来れくれ kure
Imperative (命令形)来いこい koi
Key constructions
Passive来られるこられる korareru
Causative来させる
来さす		こさせる
こさす		 kosaseru
kosasu
Potential来られるこられる korareru
Volitional来ようこよう koyō
Negative来ないこない konai
Negative continuative来ずこず kozu
Formal来ますきます kimasu
Perfective来たきた kita
Conjunctive来てきて kite
Hypothetical conditional来ればくれば kureba
Classical conjugation of "來" (カ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)來こko
Continuative (連用形)來きki
Terminal (終止形)來くku
Attributive (連体形)來るくるkuru
Realis (已然形)來れくれkure
Imperative (命令形)來
來よ		こ
こよ		ko
koyo
Key constructions
Negative來ずこずkozu
Contrasting conjunction來れどくれどkuredo
Causal conjunction來ればくればkureba
Conditional conjunction來ばこばkoba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)來し[1]
來し[1]		こし
きし		kosi
kisi
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)來けりきけりkikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)來つきつkitu
Perfect tense (natural event)來ぬきぬkinu
Perfect-continuative tense來たりきたりkitari
Volitional來むこむkomu
[1]Attributive form, as the terminal form (lemma) does not exist for this construction in this conjugation.
Antonyms
  • 行(い)く (iku): (verb) go
Derived terms
  • てくる (-te kuru): (suffix) to be gradually approaching oneself
  • 迫(せま)り来(く)る (semarikuru)
  • 持(も)って来(く)る (motte kuru): (verb) bring something
  • 連(つ)れて来(く)る (tsurete kuru): (verb) bring someone
  • 来(く)る日(ひ) (kuruhi)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
来
きた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
來る (kyūjitai)
来たる
Japanese verb pair
active来(きた)す
mediopassive来(きた)る

From 来(き) (ki, continuative form of etymology 1) + 至(いた)る (itaru).

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) きた​る [kìtáꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])[2][4][6]
  • (Tokyo) きたる [kìtárú] (Heiban – [0])[6]
  • IPA(key): [kʲi̥ta̠ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

来(きた)る • (kitaru) intransitive godan (stem 来(きた)り (kitari), past 来(きた)った (kitatta))

  1. to come, to arrive
    • 2011, NHK, 天皇誕生日 皇居で一般参賀:
      来(きた)る年(とし)が皆(みな)さん一人(ひとり)びとりにとり、よい年(とし)であるよう祈(いの)っています。
      Kitaru toshi ga mina-san hitoribitori ni tori, yoi toshi de aru yō inotte imasu.
      I pray that next year [the coming year] will be a good year for each of you.
Conjugation
Conjugation of "来る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)来らきたらkitara
Continuative (連用形)来りきたりkitari
Terminal (終止形)来るきたるkitaru
Attributive (連体形)来るきたるkitaru
Hypothetical (仮定形)来れきたれkitare
Imperative (命令形)来れきたれkitare
Key constructions
Passive来られるきたられるkitarareru
Causative来らせる
来らす		きたらせる
きたらす		kitaraseru
kitarasu
Potential来れるきたれるkitareru
Volitional来ろうきたろうkitarō
Negative来らないきたらないkitaranai
Negative continuative来らずきたらずkitarazu
Formal来りますきたりますkitarimasu
Perfective来ったきたったkitatta
Conjunctive来ってきたってkitatte
Hypothetical conditional来ればきたればkitareba
Classical conjugation of "來る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)來らきたらkitara
Continuative (連用形)來りきたりkitari
Terminal (終止形)來るきたるkitaru
Attributive (連体形)來るきたるkitaru
Realis (已然形)來れきたれkitare
Imperative (命令形)來れきたれkitare
Key constructions
Negative來らずきたらずkitarazu
Contrasting conjunction來れどきたれどkitaredo
Causal conjunction來ればきたればkitareba
Conditional conjunction來らばきたらばkitaraba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)來りききたりきkitariki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)來りけりきたりけりkitarikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)來りつきたりつkitaritu
Perfect tense (natural event)來りぬきたりぬkitarinu
Perfect-continuative tense來れり
來りたり		きたれり
きたりたり		kitareri
kitaritari
Volitional來らむきたらむkitaramu

See also

  • 来(きた)す (kitasu)

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  5. Uwano, Zendo (2002-10-31), “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎, ISSN 1346-082X
  6. 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
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