杜

杜

杜 U+675C, 杜 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-675C ← 杛 [U+675B] CJK Unified Ideographs 杝 → [U+675D]

Translingual

Han character

杜 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木土 (DG), four-corner 4491₀, composition ⿰木土)

Derived characters

• 荰

References

• KangXi: page 512, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14477
• Dae Jaweon: page 897, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1157, character 2
• Unihan data for U+675C

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		杜

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
社	*ɦljaːʔ
肚	*ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ
土	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ
吐	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs
芏	*l̥ʰaːʔ
杜	*l'aːʔ
靯	*l'aːʔ
荰	*l'aːʔ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dù (du⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): dou⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): u⁵

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): thu

  (Meixian, Guangdong): tu⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): du³
• Min Dong (BUC): dô
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): tǒ͘ / tō͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dou⁶

• Wu (Wiktionary): du (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dù
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dù
    • Wade–Giles: tu⁴
    • Yale: dù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
    • Palladius: ду (du)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: dou⁶
    • Yale: douh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dou⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: dou⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou̯²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: u⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /u³²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu
    • Hakka Romanization System: tu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: tu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: tu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰu⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: du³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tu⁴⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dô
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou²⁴²/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: tǒo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
    • Tâi-lô: tōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: do
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tɔ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔ³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: dou⁶
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tŏu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: du (T3)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥v̩ʷ²³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 杜
Mandarin	Beijing	/tu⁵¹/
	Harbin	/tu⁵³/
	Tianjin	/tu⁵³/
	Jinan	/tu²/
	Qingdao	/tu⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/tu³¹²/
	Xi'an	/tu⁴⁴/
	Xining	/tv̩²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/tu¹³/
	Lanzhou	/tu¹³/
	Ürümqi	/tu²¹³/
	Wuhan	/təu³⁵/
	Chengdu	/tu¹³/
	Guiyang	/tu²¹³/
	Kunming	/tu²¹²/
	Nanjing	/tu⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/tu⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tu⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/tu³⁵/
	Hohhot	/tu⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/du²³/
	Suzhou	/dəu³¹/
	Hangzhou	/du¹³/
	Wenzhou	/døy³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰu²²/
	Tunxi	/təu²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/təu⁵⁵/ /təu¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/təɯ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰu²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰu⁵³/
	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tou²²/
	Nanning	/tu²²/
	Hong Kong	/tou²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/tɔ²²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/tou²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/tu⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/tou³⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ʔdu³³/ ～絕 /ʔdu³⁵/ 姓

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• Middle Chinese: /duo^X/

Rime
Character	杜
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒古切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duoX/
Pan Wuyun	/duoX/
Shao Rongfen	/doX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dɔX/
Li Rong	/doX/
Wang Li	/duX/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dou6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	杜
Reading #	1/1
No.	12505
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	杜
Old Chinese	/*l'aːʔ/

Definitions

杜

1. birch-leaved pear (Pyrus betulifolia)
2. to stop; to prevent; to block

   防微杜漸／防微杜渐  ―  fángwēidùjiàn  ―  to nip in the bud

3. to reject
4. (obsolete) to pound; to strike
5. (obsolete, dialectal) astringent
6. (obsolete, dialectal) root
7. Asarum forbesii
8. Pollia japonica
9. name of an ancient pre-Qin state located in present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi
10. a surname

    杜甫  ―  Dù Fǔ  ―  Du Fu (Tang dynasty Chinese poet)

Descendants

• → English: Du, Tu, To, Toh

Compounds

召父杜母 小杜 房杜姚宋 有杕之杜 李杜 (Lǐ-Dù) 杕杜 杜口 (dùkǒu) 杜口裹足 杜塞 杜宇 (dùyǔ) 杜山 (Dùshān) 杜工部 杜康 (dùkāng) 杜弊 杜微慎防 杜梨 (dùlí) 杜瓦 (Dùwǎ) 杜皮 (Dùpí) 杜若 (dùruò) 杜茅柴

杜蘅 杜陵 (Dùlíng) 柅杜 老杜 蘅杜 杜撰 (dùzhuàn) 慎防杜漸／慎防杜渐 憑空杜撰／凭空杜撰 房謀杜斷／房谋杜断 杜口吞聲／杜口吞声 杜口無言／杜口无言 杜口結舌／杜口结舌 杜口絕舌／杜口绝舌 杜口絕言／杜口绝言 杜漸防微／杜渐防微 杜漸防萌／杜渐防萌 杜漸除微／杜渐除微 杜絕／杜绝 (dùjué) 杜絕後患／杜绝后患 杜諫／杜谏

杜郵之戮／杜邮之戮 杜門／杜门 (dùmén) 杜門不出／杜门不出 杜門卻掃／杜门却扫 杜門屏跡／杜门屏迹 杜門晦跡／杜门晦迹 杜門株守／杜门株守 杜門自絕／杜门自绝 杜門謝客／杜门谢客 杜鵑／杜鹃 (dùjuān) 杜鵑啼血／杜鹃啼血 杜鵑窩／杜鹃窝 杜鵑花／杜鹃花 (dùjuānhuā) 結舌杜口／结舌杜口 臺灣杜鵑／台湾杜鹃 萬那杜／万那杜 (Wànnàdù) 防微杜漸／防微杜渐 (fángwēidùjiàn) 防萌杜漸／防萌杜渐 韋杜／韦杜

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Japanese

Kanji

杜

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. careless
2. woods; grove
3. Chinese family name "Du"

Readings

• Go-on: ず (zu)
• Kan-on: と (to)
• Kun: もり (mori, 杜); ふさぐ (fusagu, 杜ぐ); やまなし (yamanashi, 杜)

Compounds

• 杜撰(ずさん) (zusan): careless, slipshod, faulty
• 杜松(ねず) (nezu)
• 杜氏(とじ) (toji): chief brewer at a sake brewery
• 杜漏(ずろう) (zurō): careless, negligent
• 杜絶(とぜつ) (tozetsu), 途絶(とぜつ) (tozetsu): stoppage; interruption; cessation; suspension
• 杜若(かきつばた) (kakitsubata)

Derived terms

• 杜撰脱漏(ずさんだつろう) (zusandatsurō): careless (slipshod) and with many omissions
• 杜(もり)の都(みやこ) (mori no miyako): lit. City of Trees. Nickname for Sendai, Japan
• 鎮守(ちんじゅ)の杜(もり) (chinju no mori): grove of the village shrine

Synonyms

• 森(もり) (mori)
• 途(と) (to)

Noun

杜(やまなし) • (yamanashi) 

1. Wild Japanese pear or mountain pear

Proper noun

杜(と) • (To) 

1. Du Fu, Chinese poet

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Korean

Hanja

杜 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

杜: Hán Việt readings: đỗ (動(động)五(ngũ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4], đổ[5]
杜: Nôm readings: đỗ[1][2][3][4][5][6], đậu[3][7][4][5][6], đổ[2][3][7], dỏ[4][5][6], đũa[1][3], đỏ[3][7], dỗ[1], đủ[1], giỗ[1], rổ[1], trỗ[1]

1. chữ Hán form of Đỗ (“surname”).

References

1. Nguyễn (2014).
2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
3. Trần (2004).
4. Bonet (1899).
5. Génibrel (1898).
6. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
7. Hồ (1976).