末業

末業

Chinese

		end; final stage; latter part	business; occupation; study
trad. (末業)		末	業
simp. (末业)		末	业
Literally: “low-class occupation”.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): mòyè

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ ㄧㄝˋ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: mòyè
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ ㄧㄝˋ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mohyeh
    • Tongyong Pinyin: mòyè
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mwɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ jɛ⁵¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /muɑt̚  ŋɨɐp̚/

Rime
Character	末	業
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	末 (64)	業 (147)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	莫撥切	魚怯切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑt̚/	/ŋɨɐp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/mʷɑt̚/	/ŋiɐp̚/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑt̚/	/ŋiɐp̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwat̚/	/ŋɨap̚/
Li Rong	/muɑt̚/	/ŋiap̚/
Wang Li	/muɑt̚/	/ŋĭɐp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/muɑt̚/	/ŋi̯ɐp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò	yè

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤat  [m-qʰ](r)[a]p/

  (Zhengzhang): /*maːd  ŋab/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	末	業
Reading #	1/1	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mò	yè
Middle Chinese	‹ mat ›	‹ ngjæp ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁat/	/*[m-qʰ](r)[a]p/
English	end of a branch	work (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	末	業
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9223	14819
Phonetic component	末	業
Rime group	月	盍
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	末	業
Old Chinese	/*maːd/	/*ŋab/

Noun

末業

1. (Classical Chinese, derogatory) handicraft industry and commerce

   • 夫用貧求富，農不如工，工不如商；刺繡文不如倚市門，此言末業，貧者之資也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夫用贫求富，农不如工，工不如商；刺绣文不如倚市门，此言末业，贫者之资也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, circa 91 BCE

     Fū yòng pín qiú fù, nóng bùrú gōng, gōng bùrú shāng; cì xiùwén bùrú yǐ shìmén, cǐ yán mòyè, pínzhě zhī zī yě. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this example)