曆

See also: 暦 and 历

曆	U+66C6, 曆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-66C6

← 曅
[U+66C5]

CJK Unified Ideographs

曇 →
[U+66C7]

曆	U+F98B, 曆 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98B

← 力
[U+F98A]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

歷 →
[U+F98C]

Translingual

Traditional	曆
Shinjitai	暦
Simplified	历

Han character

曆 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一竹木日 (MHDA) or 一木日 (MDA), four-corner 7126₉, composition ⿸厤日)

Related characters

歷, 磿

References

KangXi: page 500, character 10
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14171
Dae Jaweon: page 870, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1536, character 2
Unihan data for U+66C6
Unihan data for U+F98B

Chinese

trad.		曆/歷
simp.		历^*
alternative forms		暦𢍷

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (秝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
秝	*reːɡ
歷	*reːɡ
曆	*reːɡ
磿	*reːɡ
靂	*reːɡ
癧	*reːɡ
櫪	*reːɡ
藶	*reːɡ
瀝	*reːɡ
攊	*reːɡ
厤	*reːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *reːɡ) : phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 日 (“sun; day”).

Etymology

Derivative, meaning "calendar" < "calendrical calculations" (Shu), of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate". See there for more.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lì (li⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ
(Chengdu, SP): ni²
Cantonese (Jyutping): lik⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): la̍k
(Meixian, Guangdong): lag⁶
Min Dong (BUC): lĭk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): la̍h / lia̍k / le̍k
(Teochew, Peng'im): lêh⁸ / lah⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lì
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lì
  - Wade–Giles: li⁴
  - Yale: lì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lih
  - Palladius: ли (li)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /li⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ni²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: li
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: lik⁶
  - Yale: lihk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lik⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: lig⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: la̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: lag
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lak̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /lak̚⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃iʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: la̍h
  - Tâi-lô: la̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lah
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /laʔ⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /laʔ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /laʔ¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liak
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k
  - Tâi-lô: li̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lek
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /liɪk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹/

Note:

la̍h - vernacular;
lia̍k/le̍k - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lêh⁸ / lah⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: le̍h / la̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /leʔ⁴/, /laʔ⁴/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 曆
Mandarin	Beijing	/li⁵¹/
	Harbin	/li⁵³/
	Tianjin	/li⁵³/
	Jinan	/li²¹/
	Qingdao	/li⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/li²⁴/
	Xi'an	/li²¹/
	Xining	/l̩⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/li¹³/
	Lanzhou	/li¹³/
	Ürümqi	/li²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ni²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ni³¹/
	Guiyang	/ni²¹/
	Kunming	/li³¹/
	Nanjing	/li⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/liəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/liəʔ²/
	Pingyao	/liʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/liəʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/liɪʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/liəʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/liəʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/lei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/li²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/le¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/li²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ni²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/liʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/lak̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/lɑk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/lek̚²/
	Nanning	/lek̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/lik̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/lik̚⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/liʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/li²⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/leʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/lek̚³/

Middle Chinese: /lek̚/

Rime
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	青 (127)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	郎擊切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lek̚/
Pan Wuyun	/lek̚/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjk̚/
Li Rong	/lek̚/
Wang Li	/liek̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/liek̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lik⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤek/
(Zhengzhang): /*reːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lì
Middle Chinese	‹ lek ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁek/
English	calculate (astronomically)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	曆
Reading #	1/1
No.	7981
Phonetic component	秝
Rime group	錫
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	靂
Old Chinese	/*reːɡ/

Definitions

曆

calendar

Compounds

Derived terms from 曆

七曆／七历
七曜曆／七曜历
三統曆／三统历
世曆／世历
中曆／中历
乾象曆／干象历
休曆／休历
佛曆／佛历 (Fólì)
傍通曆／傍通历
儒略曆／儒略历 (rúlüèlì)
公曆／公历 (gōnglì)
六曆／六历
創曆／创历
劫曆／劫历
古曆／古历
司曆／司历
命曆／命历
嗣曆／嗣历
四分曆／四分历
回回曆／回回历 (Huíhuilì)
回曆／回历 (Huílì)
國曆／国历 (guólì)
埃及曆／埃及历
墜曆／坠历
夏曆／夏历 (xiàlì)
大明曆／大明历
大曆／大历
大曆體／大历体
大統曆／大统历
大衍曆／大衍历
天曆／天历
太初曆／太初历
太陰曆／太阴历
太陽曆／太阳历
奉元曆／奉元历
學曆／学历
官曆／官历
害肚曆／害肚历
家曆／家历
寶曆／宝历
小曆／小历
巡曆／巡历
巧曆／巧历
平曆／平历
年曆／年历
廢曆／废历
建曆／建历
律曆／律历
律曆志／律历志
御曆／御历
循環曆／循环历
慶曆／庆历
應天曆／应天历
懋曆／懋历
挂曆／挂历
授曆／授历
推曆／推历
改曆／改历
故曆／故历
文曆／文历
斗曆／斗历
新曆／新历 (xīnlì)
日曆／日历 (rìlì)
日曆年度／日历年度
昌曆／昌历

明天曆／明天历
星曆／星历
星曆錶／星历表
時憲曆／时宪历
時曆／时历
景初曆／景初历
曆元／历元 (lìyuán)
曆命／历命
曆圖／历图
曆始／历始
曆子／历子
曆官／历官
曆室／历室
曆家／历家
曆尾／历尾
曆序／历序
曆律／历律
曆數／历数 (lìshù)
曆日／历日 (lìrì)
曆書／历书 (lìshū)
曆本／历本
曆氣／历气
曆法／历法 (lìfǎ)
曆理／历理
曆眼／历眼
曆算／历算
曆節／历节
曆紀／历纪
曆經／历经
曆翁／历翁
曆草／历草
曆莢／历荚
曆蓂／历蓂
曆術／历术
曆象／历象
曆象表／历象表
曆運／历运
曆頭／历头 (lìtóu)
月曆／月历 (yuèlì)
朱理安曆／朱理安历
柳芳曆／柳芳历
校曆／校历 (xiàolì)
格里曆／格里历 (Gélǐlì)
桌曆／桌历
樓羅曆／楼罗历
檯曆／台历 (táilì)
欽天曆／钦天历
正曆／正历
步曆／步历
歲曆／岁历
殷曆／殷历
民曆／民历
水曆／水历
治曆／治历
泰始曆／泰始历
洋曆／洋历
火曆／火历
炎曆／炎历
玉曆／玉历
班曆／班历
瑞曆／瑞历
甲曆／甲历
百花曆／百花历
皇曆／皇历 (huánglì)
短曆／短历

祥曆／祥历
秘曆／秘历
符曆／符历
算曆／算历
簿曆／簿历
籌曆／筹历
紀曆／纪历
紫曆／紫历
統元曆／统元历
統天曆／统天历
總曆／总历
纂曆／纂历
纘曆／缵历
老皇曆／老皇历 (lǎohuánglì)
聖曆／圣历
膺曆／膺历
舊曆／旧历 (jiùlì)
舊曆年／旧历年 (jiùlìnián)
舊皇曆／旧皇历
航海曆／航海历
花曆／花历
華曆／华历
萬年曆／万年历 (wànniánlì)
萬曆／万历 (Wànlì)
蓂曆／蓂历
藏曆／藏历 (zànglì)
行事曆／行事历 (xíngshìlì)
西曆／西历 (xīlì)
西曆紀元／西历纪元
計曆／计历
訪曆／访历
課曆／课历
調曆／调历
謹曆／谨历
議曆所／议历所
買物曆／买物历
赤曆／赤历
轉曆／转历
農曆／农历 (nónglì)
農曆年／农历年 (nónglìnián)
農民曆／农民历
通曆／通历
造曆／造历
進曆／进历
運曆／运历
過客曆／过客历
過曆／过历
長曆／长历
門曆／门历
陰曆／阴历 (yīnlì)
陰陽合曆／阴阳合历
陰陽曆／阴阳历 (yīnyánglì)
陽曆／阳历 (yánglì)
隔年曆／隔年历
頒曆／颁历
額我略曆／额我略历
顓帝曆／颛帝历
顓頊曆／颛顼历
餘曆／余历
鳥曆／鸟历
鳳曆／凤历
鴻曆／鸿历
麟德曆／麟德历
黃曆／黄历

References

“曆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	暦
Kyūjitai	曆

Kanji

曆

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

calendar
era

Readings

Go-on: りゃく (ryaku)
Kan-on: れき (reki)
Kun: こよみ (koyomi, 曆)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 曆 (MC lek̚). Recorded as Middle Korean 력 (lyek) (Yale: lyek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource曆 (eumhun 책력 력 (chaengnyeok ryeok), South Korea 책력 역 (chaengnyeok yeok))

Hanja form^? of 력/역 (“calendar”).

Compounds

서력 (西曆, seoryeok)
양력 (陽曆, yangnyeok)
월력 (月曆, wollyeok)
음력 (陰曆, eumnyeok)
일력 (日曆, illyeok)
신력 (新曆, sillyeok)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

曆: Hán Việt readings: lịch
曆: Nôm readings: rếch, rích, rịch

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