昏

See also: 𠯑 and 昬

昏	U+660F, 昏 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-660F

← 明
[U+660E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

昐 →
[U+6610]

Translingual

Han character

昏 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹心日 (HPA), four-corner 7260₄, composition ⿱氏日)

References

KangXi: page 491, character 14

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13806

Dae Jaweon: page 854, character 1

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1492, character 3

Unihan data for U+660F

Chinese

simp. and trad.		昏
alternative forms		昬𣄾𣄼

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (昏) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鍲	*mrɯn
抿	mrɯn, mrɯn, *mrɯnʔ
緡	*mrɯn
捪	*mrɯnʔ
湣	*mrɯnʔ
昏	*hmɯːn
婚	*hmɯːn
閽	*hmɯːn
惛	hmɯːn, hmɯːnʔ, *hmɯːns
棔	*hmɯːn
殙	*hmɯːn

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : 氏 + 日 (“sun”), or abbreviated 氐 + 日 (“sun”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mun (“dark”). Cognate with 悶 (OC *mɯːns, “bored; depressed”), Tibetan མུན་པ (mun pa, “darkness”), Burmese မှုန် (hmun, “dim; gloomy”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): hūn (hun¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄣ
(Chengdu, SP): hun¹
Cantonese (Jyutping): fan¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fûn
(Meixian, Guangdong): fun¹
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hun / hng / huiⁿ
(Teochew, Peng'im): hung¹ / hng¹ / hên¹
Wu (Wiktionary): hun (T1)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hūn
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hun
  - Wade–Giles: hun¹
  - Yale: hwūn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huen
  - Palladius: хунь (xunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xwən⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: hun¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xun
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuən⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: fan¹
  - Yale: fān
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fan¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fɐn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fûn
  - Hakka Romanization System: fun´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fun¹
  - Sinological IPA: /fun²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fun¹
  - Sinological IPA: /fun⁴⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hun
  - Tâi-lô: hun
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hwn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hun⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hun³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hng
  - Tâi-lô: hng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hngf
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /hŋ̍⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hŋ̍³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: huiⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: huinn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvuy
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /huĩ⁴⁴/

Note:

hun - literary;
hng/huiⁿ - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hung¹ / hng¹ / hên¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hung / hng / heⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huŋ³³/, /hŋ³³/, /hẽ³³/

Note:

hung1 - literary;
hng1/hên1 - vernacular.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hun (T1)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɯə̯ɲ⁵³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 昏
Mandarin	Beijing	/xuən⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/xuən⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/xuən²¹/
	Jinan	/xuẽ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/xuə̃²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/xuən²⁴/
	Xi'an	/xuẽ²¹/
	Xining	/xuə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xuŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/xũn³¹/
	Ürümqi	/xuŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/xuən⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/xuən⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/xuen⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/xuə̃/
	Nanjing	/xun³¹/
	Hefei	/xuən²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xuəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/xuŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/xũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/huəŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/huən⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/hun³³/
	Wenzhou	/ɕy³³/
Hui	Shexian	/xuʌ̃³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/xuɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/fən³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ɸən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/fɨn⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/fun⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/fun²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/fɐn⁵³/
	Nanning	/wɐn⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/fɐn⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hun⁵⁵/ /hŋ̍⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/huŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/xɔŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/huŋ³³/ /hŋ̍³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hun²³/ /hui²³/

Middle Chinese: /huən/

Rime
Character	昏
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	呼昆切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/huən/
Pan Wuyun	/huon/
Shao Rongfen	/xuən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwən/
Li Rong	/xuən/
Wang Li	/xuən/
Bernard Karlgren	/xuən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hūn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fan¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥ˤu[n]/
(Zhengzhang): /*hmɯːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	昏
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hūn
Middle Chinese	‹ xwon ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁu[n]/
English	dusk, dark
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	昏
Reading #	1/1
No.	5529
Phonetic component	昏
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	昏
Old Chinese	/*hmɯːn/

Definitions

昏

dusk; nightfall; twilight; dark
confused; dizzy; dazed; muddled
to faint; to lose consciousness
Alternative form of 婚 (hūn, “to marry”).

Compounds

Derived terms from 昏

利令智昏 (lìlìngzhìhūn)
合昏
大昏
天昏地暗 (tiānhūndì'àn)
天昏地黑
夭昏
定昏
昏主
昏倒 (hūndǎo)
昏厥 (hūnjué)
昏君 (hūnjūn)
昏困
昏天暗地
昏天黑地
昏定晨省
昏庸 (hūnyōng)
昏撒
昏昃
昏明
昏昏
昏昏欲睡 (hūnhūnyùshuì)
昏昏沉沉
昏昕
昏星
昏昧
昏暗 (hūn'àn)
昏暝
昏暴
昏椓

昏沉 (hūnchén)
昏眊
昏眩 (hūnxuàn)
昏睡 (hūnshuì)
昏睡病 (hūnshuìbìng)
昏瞀
昏第
昏花 (hūnhuā)
昏迷 (hūnmí)
昏迷不醒
昏逆
昏黑 (hūnhēi)
昨昏 (“cha-hng”)
晨昏
晨昏定省
氛昏
童昏
老眼昏花
耳目昏眩
人約黃昏／人约黄昏
兩目昏花／两目昏花
嚇昏／吓昏
天昏地慘／天昏地惨
悶昏昏／闷昏昏
慾令智昏／欲令智昏
昏亂／昏乱 (hūnluàn)
昏慘慘／昏惨惨
昏憊／昏惫
昏曉／昏晓

昏盆打醬／昏盆打酱
昏瞶／昏瞆
昏聵／昏聩 (hūnkuì)
昏華／昏华
昏邁／昏迈
昏鄧鄧／昏邓邓
昏鈔／昏钞
昏鏡重明／昏镜重明
昏鏡重磨／昏镜重磨
昏頭／昏头
昏頭搭腦／昏头搭脑
昏頭昏腦／昏头昏脑 (hūntóuhūnnǎo)
昏頭暈腦／昏头晕脑
昏頭轉向／昏头转向
昏黃／昏黄 (hūnhuáng)
昏黯黲／昏黯黪
晨昏顛倒／晨昏颠倒
發昏／发昏 (fāhūn)
神昏意亂／神昏意乱
頭昏／头昏 (tóuhūn)
頭昏目眩／头昏目眩
頭昏眼暈／头昏眼晕
頭昏眼暗／头昏眼暗
頭昏眼花／头昏眼花 (tóuhūnyǎnhuā)
頭昏腦悶／头昏脑闷
頭昏腦脹／头昏脑胀
頭暈眼昏／头晕眼昏
黃昏／黄昏 (huánghūn)
黃昏時分／黄昏时分

References

“昏”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

昏

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

dark
evening, dusk

Readings

Go-on: こん (kon)
Kan-on: こん (kon)
Kun: くらい (kurai, 昏い); たそがれ (tasogare)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 昏 (MC huən). Recorded as Middle Korean 혼 (hwon) (Yale: hwon) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource昏 (eumhun 어두울 혼 (eoduul hon))

Hanja form^? of 혼 (“dark; dusk”).

Compounds

혼란 (昏亂, hollan)
혼미 (昏迷, honmi)
황혼 (黃昏, hwanghon)
몽혼 (朦昏, monghon)
혼수 (昏睡, honsu)
혼수상태 (昏睡狀態, honsusangtae)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

昏: Hán Nôm readings: hôn, hon

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