文
See also: 又, 𠬠, and 攵
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Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
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Han character
文 (Kangxi radical 67, 文+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 卜大 (YK), four-corner 00400, composition ⿱亠乂)
- Kangxi radical #67, ⽂.
Derived characters
- Appendix:Chinese radical/文
- 伩, 𪞙, 𭃉, 呅, 坟, 妏, 𪦹, 㞶, 𪫋, 忟, 抆, 汶, 𤝋, 𫔻, 这, 𢪖, 旼, 𣐀, 炆, 𭷏, 玟, 𫠇, 𪽌, 𪽼, 盿, 砇, 𮂹, 𥩛, 𭙁, 𥸹, 紋(纹), 蚊, 𫌴, 𡲈, 鈫, 馼(𫘜), 䰚, 魰, 𪊙, 𬍆, 鼤
- 刘, 𠠼, 対, 彣, 𫾨, 𬀫, 𦍢, 𦐑, 𮥷, 𮨂, 𩖣, 𩢌, 鳼(𪉃), 㓙, 㐎, 齐, 吝, 𡵡, 忞, 𪰎, 𦙟, 彥, 紊, 蚉, 𧴻, 產, 𩵳, 鴍(𬸀), 𪐰, 螡, 䘇
- 㞵, 芠, 旻, 𬐅, 𥄐, 𥫾, 𦐐, 𮍧, 𠳵, 𦍡, 𬜰, 雯, 𪪍, 𤵒, 虔, 𪊓, 閔(闵), 𪢨, 辬, 𣈝, 𨔉
Descendants
- 𘱒 (Khitan Small Script)
References
- KangXi: page 477, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13450
- Dae Jaweon: page 831, character 39
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2169, character 1
- Unihan data for U+6587
Chinese
| simp. and trad. | 文 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 文 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |  |  |  |  |
Characters in the same phonetic series (文) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 旻 | *mrɯn |
| 旼 | *mrɯn |
| 汶 | *mrɯn, *mɯn, *mɯns |
| 忞 | *mrɯn |
| 盿 | *mrɯn |
| 枚 | *mɯːl |
| 玫 | *mɯːl |
| 玟 | *mɯːl |
| 文 | *mɯn |
| 紋 | *mɯn |
| 蚊 | *mɯn |
| 雯 | *mɯn |
| 彣 | *mɯn |
| 馼 | *mɯn |
| 鳼 | *mɯn |
| 鼤 | *mɯn, *mɯns |
| 抆 | *mɯnʔ, *mɯns |
| 紊 | *mɯns |
Ideogram (指事) : a man with a painted or tattooed chest – original form of 紋. In current form, tattoo has vanished, so simply an outline of a man (head, outstretched arms, legs, chest). Compare 大, which has no chest.
Etymology
Possibly a derivation, with -n nominal suffix, of 煤 (OC *mɯː) "soot (obs.), ink (obs.), coal" (Schuessler, 2007).
Semantic shift: "pattern, tattoo (made of soot)", "written glyph (made of ink)" > "literature" > "refined, cultured" (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 1
Definitions
文
- † Original form of 紋／纹 (wén, “mark, pattern, design, tattoo, decoration”).
- 文如貍／文如狸 [Classical Chinese] ― wén rú lí [Pinyin] ― having a pattern like that of a wild cat
- Original form of 紋／纹 (wén, “to tattoo”).
- 文身 ― wénshēn ― to tattoo
- 文面 ― wénmiàn ― face tattoo
- writing; literary composition; literature (Classifier: 篇 c)
- 文章 ― wénzhāng ― article, essay
- 散文 ― sǎnwén ― prose
- 文不對題／文不对题 ― wénbùduìtí ― (of writing or speech) to be beside the point; to be off-topic; to be irrelevant to the subject
- 呢篇文寫得唔錯。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- ni1 pin1 man4-2 se2 dak1 m4 co3. [Jyutping]
- This essay is written quite well.
呢篇文写得唔错。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- official document
- literary language; Literary Chinese
- 半文半白 ― bànwénbànbái ― half literary, half vernacular
- Short for 文讀／文读 (wéndú, “literary reading”).
- script; written form
- 甲骨文 ― jiǎgǔwén ― oracle bone script
- 書同文，車同軌。／书同文，车同轨。 [Classical Chinese] ― Shū tóng wén, chē tóng guǐ. [Pinyin] ― Same ruts for carriages, same script for writing. (i.e., universal standards)
- 天城文 ― tiānchéngwén ― Devanagari
- (written) language
- Antonym: 語／语 (yǔ)
- 中文 ― zhōngwén ― Chinese
- 英文 ― yīngwén ― English
- culture
- 文化 ― wénhuà ― culture
- 文明 ― wénmíng ― civilization
- liberal arts; humanities
- natural or social phenomenon
- 天文 ― tiānwén ― astronomy
- 人文 ― rénwén ― humanities; letters
- ritual; etiquette
- 繁文縟節／繁文缛节 ― fánwénrùjié ― (please add an English translation of this example)
- of a government position, non-military: civil, civilian
- 文職／文职 ― wénzhí ― civilian post
- 文官 ― wénguān ― civil official
- 文武 ― wénwǔ ― civilian and military
- gentle; refined
- 斯文 ― sīwén ― refined, cultured
- 文雅 ― wényǎ ― elegant, refined
- 47th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "pattern, repetition" (𝌴)
- (archaic) Classifier for coins.
- (numismatics) mill (a tenth of a cent)
- 一文 ― yī wén ― one mill
- (～日) (telegraphy) the twelfth day of a month
- 文夕大火 ― Wénxī Dàhuǒ ― 1938 Changsha fire
- a surname
- 文天祥 ― Wén Tiānxiáng ― Wen Tianxiang (Chinese politician and poet in the last years of the Southern Song Dynasty)
Compounds
Derived terms from 文
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Pronunciation 2
Definitions
文
- to cover
- 文過／文过 ― wénguò, wènguò ― to cover one's fault
Pronunciation 3
| For pronunciation and definitions of 文 – see 蚊 (“(Cantonese) yuan; dollar; buck”). (This character, 文, is a variant form of 蚊.) |
References
- “文”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
文
(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- Go-on: もん (mon, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ぶん (bun, Jōyō)
- Kun: ふみ (fumi, 文, Jōyō); あや (aya, 文)
- Nanori: かざり (kazari); ふ (fu); も (mo)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 文 |
| もん Grade: 1 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 文 (mjun, “ornate; a kind of coin; language, literature, a letter, a character”).
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Goon
- (Tokyo) もん [móꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [mõ̞ɴ]
Noun
文 • (mon)
- the mon, an old currency
- a unit of length for measuring the size of one's foot (from the way that the mon coins would be lined up and used as a kind of inch marker)
- a character, a letter
- writing, something written
- a magical spell
- (also spelled 紋) a design, a pattern
- (also spelled 紋) a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”)
Usage notes
The design and crest senses are more often spelled 紋.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 文句 (monku)
- 公文 (kumon)
- 文言 (mongon): the phrasing or wording of a piece of writing
- 文字 (moji): a character, a letter
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 文 |
| ぶん Grade: 1 |
| on’yomi |
A later borrowing from Middle Chinese. Compare modern Min Nan reading bûn, Hakka vûn.
Pronunciation
- On’yomi: Kan’on
- (Tokyo) ぶん [búꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [bɯ̟̃ᵝɴ]
Noun
文 • (bun)
- (grammar) a sentence
- writing, composition
- a design or pattern as decoration
- literature, learning, scholarship
- elegance, refinement (especially of writing or wording)
- a saying, an aphorism, a proverb
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 文案 (bun'an): a copy (advertising), copywriter (advertising); secretary; official document
- 文意 (bun'i): (grammar) semantics
- 文化 (bunka): culture; cultural
- 文官 (bunkan): a civil servant, a public official
- 文学 (bungaku): literature
- 文芸 (bungei): art and culture
- 文言 (bungen): the phrasing or wording of a piece of writing; in Chinese contexts, the written style or register as opposed to the spoken style or register
- 文豪 (bungō): leading writer, author
- 文才 (bunsai): writing talent
- 文書 (bunsho): document; written record; letter; epistle
- 文章 (bunshō): (grammatical) sentence; writing; essay; composition; writing style; Fumiaki (a male given name)
- 文人 (bunjin): intellectual; Fumihito (a male given name)
- 文責 (bunseki): author's responsibility (for the contents of a document)
- 文体 (buntai): writing style
- 文筆 (bunpitsu): writing, literary work, literature
- 文法 (bunpō): grammar
- 文末 (bunmatsu): end of a document
- 文脈 (bunmyaku): genre
- 文民 (bunmin): civilian
- 文明 (bunmei): civilization
- 文面 (bunmen): content of a document
- 論文 (ronbun): thesis
- 博士論文 (hakushi ronbun): a Ph.D. thesis
- 礼文島 (rebuntō): Rebun Island
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 文 |
| ふみ Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
Possibly a shift from an older Middle Chinese-derived reading pun.[3] Earlier Japanese writing was ambiguous regarding the final n sound spelled ん in modern Japanese, with this sound often spelled (and possibly pronounced) as む (mu) instead.
*/pumu/ → /pumi/ → /ɸumi/
This reading appears in the Heian period, in works such as The Tale of Genji.[3][1]
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) ふみ [fúꜜmì] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝmʲi]
Noun
文 • (fumi)
- writing, something written
- a letter (written communication), an epistle
- (archaic) study, scholarship (especially of classical Chinese)
- a style of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”)
Synonyms
- (letter, epistle): 手紙 (tegami)
Derived terms
- 恋文 (koibumi): a love letter
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 文 |
| あや Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
Uncertain. Appears in texts from the early Heian period.[3][1]
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) あや [àyáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [a̠ja̠]
Noun
文 • (aya)
- (also spelled 紋, 綾)
- a pattern, a design, especially one with diagonally crossing lines
- a diagonal crossing
- a flowery expression or turn of phrase
- a plot, a scheme
- a refrain or recurring phrase in a piece of music
- a harder vein or grain in a leaf or piece of wood or bamboo
- a stain, a blemish
- a mediator, a go-between (apparently from the way that a go-between can make the relationship more indirect and indistinct)
- a small indistinct fluctuation in a trend line
- (also spelled 綾, 絢)
- a kind of woven silk textile with a diagonally crossing pattern
- short for 綾織 (ayaori): a twill weave; someone who weaves twill
- short for 綾竹 (ayadake): in a loom, a bamboo pole placed between the heddle and the back beam or platen, used to improve the handling
- short for 綾取り (ayatori): cat's cradle
Usage notes
For the second group of senses, the 綾 spelling is more common.
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 奇 (aya), 怪 (aya): mystifying, mysterious, strange (from the way that an aya pattern could confound the eyes)
- 綾織 (ayaori): a twill weave; someone who weaves twill
- 綾竹 (ayadake): in a loom, a bamboo pole placed between the heddle and the back-beam or platen, used to improve the handling
- 綾取り (ayatori): cat's cradle
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 文 (MC mɨun). Recorded as Middle Korean 문 (mwun) (Yale: mwun) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mun]
- Phonetic hangul: [문]
Hanja
Wikisource文 (eumhun 글월 문 (geurwol mun))
- Hanja form? of 문 (“writing”).
Compounds
Compounds
- 학계 (學界, hakgye, “academia”)
- 주문 (呪文, jumun, “an incantation”)
- 문어 (文魚, muneo, “octopus”)
- 한문 (漢文, hanmun, “Classical Chinese”)
- 인문 (人文, inmun, “humanities”)
- 문학 (文學, munhak, “literature”)
- 문명 (文明, munmyeong, “civilization”)
- 문화 (文化, munhwa, “culture”)
- 문과 (文科, mun'gwa, “liberal arts”)
- 언문 (諺文, eonmun, “Hangeul”)
- 고문 (古文, gomun, “ancient text”)
- 문자 (文字, munja, “letter; character”)
- 문서 (文書, munseo, “document”)
- 문장 (文章, munjang, “(grammar) sentence”)
- 서문 (序文, seomun, “preface, foreword”)
- 발문 (跋文, balmun, “epilogue; afterword”)
- 문맹 (文盲, munmaeng, “illiteracy”)
- 인문학 (人文學, inmunhak, “humanities”)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
文: Hán Việt readings: văn[1][2][3]
文: Nôm readings: văn[1][2][4], von[3][5][4], vằn[1][2]
- chữ Hán form of văn (“literature; letters; culture; civilization”).
Compounds
- 人文 (nhân văn)
- 古文 (cổ văn)
- 文化 (văn hóa/văn hoá)
- 文明 (văn minh)
- 文範 (văn phạm)
- 漢文 (Hán văn)
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
- Hồ (1976).