故國

故國

Chinese

		happening; instance; reason happening; instance; reason; cause; deceased; old	country; state; nation
trad. (故國)		故	國
simp. (故国)		故	国
anagram		國故／国故

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gùguó

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gu³ gwok³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gùguó
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gùguó
    • Wade–Giles: ku⁴-kuo²
    • Yale: gù-gwó
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guhgwo
    • Palladius: гуго (gugo)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹ kwɔ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: gu³ gwok³
    • Yale: gu gwok
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gu³ gwok⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: gu³ guog³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³³ kʷɔːk̚³/

---

• Middle Chinese: /kuo^H  kwək̚/

Rime
Character	故	國
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	模 (23)	登 (132)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古暮切	古或切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuoH/	/kwək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kuoH/	/kʷək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/koH/	/kuək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔH/	/kwək̚/
Li Rong	/koH/	/kuək̚/
Wang Li	/kuH/	/kuək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuoH/	/kwək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gù	guo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu3	gwak1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ-s  [C.q]ʷˤək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːs  kʷɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	故	國
Reading #	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gù	guó
Middle Chinese	‹ kuH ›	‹ kwok ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaʔ-s/	/*[C.q]ʷˁək/
English	old (not new)	state (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	故	國
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4228	5547
Phonetic component	古	或
Rime group	魚	職
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	顧	國
Old Chinese	/*kaːs/	/*kʷɯːɡ/

Noun

故國

1. (literary) ancient country; nonexistent country
2. (literary) old country; country with a long history
3. (literary) one's native country; native land; homeland
4. (literary) one's hometown

Synonyms

• (old country): 古國／古国 (gǔguó)
• (one's native country):

edit

故土 (gùtǔ) (literary) 自己的國家／自己的国家 (zìjǐ de guójiā)

祖國／祖国 (zǔguó)

• (one's hometown):

edit

Synonyms of 故國

土 (tǔ) (literary, or in compounds) 故土 (gùtǔ) 老家 (lǎojiā) 老屋 (lǎowū) (Hakka) 故里 (gùlǐ) 家鄉／家乡 (jiāxiāng)

故園／故园 (gùyuán) (literary) 故鄉／故乡 (gùxiāng) 鄉下／乡下 (xiāngxia) 鄉土／乡土 (xiāngtǔ) 鄉梓／乡梓 (xiāngzǐ) (literary) 鄉關／乡关 (xiāngguān) (literary)