支那

支那

Chinese

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Zhīnà

  (Zhuyin): ㄓ ㄋㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zi¹ naa⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): Chṳ̂-na
• Min Nan (POJ): Chi-ná
• Wu (Wiktionary): tsr na (T1)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Zhīnà
    • Zhuyin: ㄓ ㄋㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Jhihnà
    • Wade–Giles: Chih¹-na⁴
    • Yale: Jr̄-nà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jynah
    • Palladius: Чжина (Čžina)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵ nä⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: zi¹ naa⁴
    • Yale: jī nàh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzi¹ naa⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ji¹ na⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siː⁵⁵ naː²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Chṳ̂-na
    • Hakka Romanization System: zii´ na
    • Hagfa Pinyim: zi¹ na⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ²⁴⁻¹¹ na⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chi-ná
    • Tâi-lô: Tsi-ná
    • Phofsit Daibuun: cinar
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕi³³ nã⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁻²² nã⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕi⁴⁴⁻³³ nã⁴¹/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: tsr na (T1)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩⁵⁵ na̱²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕiᴇ  nɑ/

Rime
Character	支	那
Reading #	1/1	1/3
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	泥 (8)
Final (韻)	支 (11)	歌 (94)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	章移切	諾何切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiᴇ/	/nɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiɛ/	/nɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕjɛ/	/nɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ciə̆/	/na/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕie/	/nɑ/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕǐe/	/nɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕie̯/	/nɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhī	nuó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zi1	no4

Etymology 1

		phonetic
simp. and trad. (支那)		支	那
alternative forms		脂那 至那 芝那

From Sanskrit चीन (cīna), which in turn is likely from 秦 (OC *zin)[1][2], but other theories have been proposed, including derivation from 晉／晋 (jìn, “Jin”) < Middle Chinese 晉 (MC t͡siɪn^H) < Old Chinese 晉 (OC *ʔsins) (Zhengzhang, 2006), 荊／荆 (jīng, “Jing”)[3], or the Zina of 夜郎 (Yèláng, “Yelang”)[3]. Cognate with English China. See "Names of China", "Chinas" and "Shina (word)" at Wikipedia.

Proper noun

支那

1. (originally neutral, now derogatory and offensive) China

   支那曩者苦滿清虐政，國民共起革專制為共和。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
   支那曩者苦满清虐政，国民共起革专制为共和。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

   From: 1914, Sun Yat-sen, 《致日本首相大隈重信勸助中國革命函》

   Zhīnà nǎng zhě kǔ Mǎnqīng nüèzhèng, guómín gòng qǐ gé zhuānzhì wèi gònghé. [Pinyin]

   China suffered from the Manchurian Qing tyranny in the past, and so the people of the nation rose up, overthrew the autocrat and established the republic.

Usage notes

• Originally used in ancient Indian records and some Chinese Buddhist texts. This term was popular in China as a neutral word after the Meiji Restoration, but became derogatory and offensive during and after the Second Sino-Japanese War. Now it is usually only used in some technical terms, such as 印度支那 (Yìndù-Zhīnà, “Indochina”) and 交趾支那 (Jiāozhǐ-Zhīnà, “Cochinchina”), or by Hong Kong and Taiwan independence activists as a deliberately offensive term for mainland China.

Derived terms

交趾支那 (Jiāozhǐ-Zhīnà) 印度支那 (Yìndù-Zhīnà) 支那人 (zhīnàrén)

支那狗 支那通 (zhīnàtōng) 支那語／支那语 (zhīnàyǔ)

Related terms

• 震旦 (Zhèndàn)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (支那):

• → Japanese: 支(し)那(な) (Shina)
• → Korean: 지나(支那) (Jina)
• → Vietnamese: Chi Na (支那)

See also

• Thesaurus:中國

Etymology 2

		phonetic
simp. and trad. (支那)		支	那

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Proper noun

支那

1. (～鄉) Zhina (a township in Yingjiang, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan, China)

References

• Ding, Fubao (丁福保) (1922), “支那” in 佛學大辭典／佛学大辞典 [A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms].

1. Yule, Henry (2005) Cathay and the Way Thither‎, →ISBN, pages 2–3
2. Dr M. R. Singh (1972) Geographical Data in Early Puranas, pages 172
3. Wade Geoff (2009-05), “The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'”, in Sino-Platonic Papers‎, issue 188

Further reading

• 支那 on the Chinese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^zh
• Shina (word) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

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Japanese

Kanji in this term
支	那
し Grade: 5	な Grade: S
on’yomi

Alternative forms

• シナ

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 支那 (MC t͡ɕiᴇ nɑ), a phonetic transcription of Sanskrit चीन (cīna), itself likely deriving from Old Chinese 秦 (*dzin), the name of the Qin Dynasty and the Qin state.

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Goon
• IPA^(key): [ɕina̠]

Proper noun

支(し)那(な) • (Shina) 

1. (prewar, often considered derogatory in modern speech) China

Usage notes

The kanji spelling 支那 was more common historically, and is still encountered with some frequency when this word is used. Modern usage includes シナ in katakana. However, this term as a whole is used less frequently than in the past, due in part to changes in geopolitics.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 東(ひがし)支(し)那(な)海(かい) (Higashi Shina Kai): East China Sea
• 支(し)那(な)蕎(そ)麦(ば) (Shina soba): Chinese noodles, ramen
• 支(し)那(な)竹(ちく) (Shina chiku): menma (cooked bamboo sprout, a kind of ramen topping)
• 支(し)那(な)薄(うす)色(いろ)海豚(いるか) (Shina usuiro iruka): Chinese white dolphin

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Korean

Hanja in this term
支	那

Proper noun

支那 • (Jina) (hangeul 지나)

1. Hanja form^? of 지나 (“(prewar, often considered derogatory in modern speech) China”).

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Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
支	那

Proper noun

支那

1. chữ Hán form of Chi Na (“China”).