播種

播種

See also: 播种

Chinese

		sow; scatter; spread sow; scatter; spread; broadcast	to plant; to cultivate; kind to plant; to cultivate; kind; type; race; breed; seed; species (taxonomy)
trad. (播種)		播	種
simp. (播种)		播	种

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): bōzhǒng, bòzhǒng

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˇ, ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): bo³ zung²
• Min Nan (POJ): pò͘-chéng

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bojhǒng
    • Wade–Giles: po¹-chung³
    • Yale: bwō-jǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojoong
    • Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pwɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 嶓冢 播種／播种

      
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhǒng
    • Wade–Giles: po⁴-chung³
    • Yale: bwò-jǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjoong
    • Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pwɔ⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: bo³ zung²
    • Yale: bo júng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: bo³ dzung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: bo³ zung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chéng
    • Tâi-lô: pòo-tsíng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: porzeang
    • IPA (Xiamen): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕiɪŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /pɔ¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕiɪŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɔ²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡ɕiɪŋ⁴¹/

Verb

播⫽種 (verb-object)

1. (intransitive) to sow seeds

Synonyms

edit

下子 (xiàzǐ) 下種／下种 (xiàzhǒng)

撒種／撒种 (sǎzhǒng)

Dialectal synonyms of 播種 (“to sow seeds”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		下種
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		播種, 撒種, 下種, 下子
Mandarin	Taiwan	播種, 撒種
	Jinan	下種, 播種
	Yinchuan	撒種
	Lanzhou	下子, 下種
	Xining	下種
	Ürümqi	下種
	Liuzhou	播種, 撒種
	Xuzhou	下種
	Yangzhou	下種, 播種
	Nanjing	播種, 撒種
Cantonese	Guangzhou	落種
	Hong Kong	播種
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	下種, 落種
	Macau	落種
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	落種
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	撒秧
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	撒秧
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	落種
	Foshan	播種
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	落種
	Foshan (Shunde)	落種
	Foshan (Sanshui)	下種
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	下秧
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	下種
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	下種
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	落種
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	下種
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	下秧
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	下秧
	Taishan	下秧
	Kaiping (Chikan)	下秧
	Enping (Niujiang)	下秧
	Heshan (Yayao)	下秧
	Dongguan	落種
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	下秧
Gan	Lichuan	下種
Hakka	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	下秧, 下種
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	下種
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	下種, 下穀種
	Conghua (Lütian)	落穀
Jin	Taiyuan	種子子
	Xinzhou	滴子兒
Min Bei	Jian'ou	下種, 撒種
Min Dong	Fuzhou	䆊種
Min Nan	Xiamen	掖種, 放種, 落種, 落塗
	Quanzhou	掖種, 掖子, 落種, 落塗
	Zhangzhou	掖種, 掖子, 放子, 落種, 落塗
	Tainan	掖種
	Jieyang	掖種
	Haikou	掖種
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	下秧
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	撒種
Wu	Shanghai (Chongming)	下種子
	Hangzhou	下種
	Wenzhou	間種
Xiang	Changsha	下種

Derived terms

播種機／播种机

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): bōzhòng, bòzhòng

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˋ, ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): bo³ zung³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pô-chung
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): pò͘-chèng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bua³ zêng³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland; variant in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bōzhòng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄛ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bojhòng
    • Wade–Giles: po¹-chung⁴
    • Yale: bwō-jùng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bojonq
    • Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pwɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: bòzhòng
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˋ ㄓㄨㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: bòjhòng
    • Wade–Giles: po⁴-chung⁴
    • Yale: bwò-jùng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bohjonq
    • Palladius: бочжун (bočžun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pwɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: bo³ zung³
    • Yale: bo jung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: bo³ dzung³
    • Guangdong Romanization: bo³ zung³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔː³³ t͡sʊŋ³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pô-chung
    • Hakka Romanization System: bo´ zung
    • Hagfa Pinyim: bo¹ zung⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /po²⁴⁻¹¹ t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pò͘-chèng
    • Tâi-lô: pòo-tsìng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: porzexng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /pɔ²¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕiɪŋ²¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /pɔ⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡ɕiɪŋ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bua³ zêng³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puà tsèng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡seŋ²¹³/

Verb

播種

1. (transitive) to grow by sowing seeds

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Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
播	種
は Jinmeiyō	しゅ Grade: 4
on’yomi	goon

Appears to be a learned borrowing from Chinese 播種. Ultimately from Middle Chinese compound 播種 (pa^H tsyowng^X, literally “to sow + seed”) or 播種 (pa^H tsyowng^H, literally “to sow + to sow”). First cited in Japanese to 1872.[1]

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) は​しゅ [háꜜshù] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3][4]
• IPA^(key): [ha̠ɕɨᵝ]

Noun

播(は)種(しゅ) • (hashu) 

1. [from 1872] sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop

   Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)

2. [date unknown] (rare, medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)

   Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)

   Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 播種機(はしゅき) (hashuki) a sower, a device or machine for sowing seeds
• 播種性(はしゅせい) (hashusei) disseminated (said of a disease)

Verb

播(は)種(しゅ)する • (hashu suru) suru (stem 播(は)種(しゅ)し (hashu shi), past 播(は)種(しゅ)した (hashu shita))

1. [from 1872] (transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop

   Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)

2. [date unknown] (rare, intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)

   Synonyms: 散在 (sanzai), 汎発 (hanpatsu)

   Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Continuative (連用形)	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Terminal (終止形)	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Attributive (連体形)	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	播種すれ	はしゅすれ	hashu sure
Imperative (命令形)	播種せよ¹ 播種しろ²	はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ²	hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	播種される	はしゅされる	hashu sareru
Causative	播種させる 播種さす	はしゅさせる はしゅさす	hashu saseru hashu sasu
Potential	播種できる	はしゅできる	hashu dekiru
Volitional	播種しよう	はしゅしよう	hashu shiyō
Negative	播種しない	はしゅしない	hashu shinai
Negative continuative	播種せず	はしゅせず	hashu sezu
Formal	播種します	はしゅします	hashu shimasu
Perfective	播種した	はしゅした	hashu shita
Conjunctive	播種して	はしゅして	hashu shite
Hypothetical conditional	播種すれば	はしゅすれば	hashu sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
播	種
はん Jinmeiyō	しゅ Grade: 4
kan’yōon	goon

Variation of hashu reading, using the kan'yōon of han for the first character. First cited to 1879.[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [hã̠ɰ̃ɕɨᵝ]

Noun

播(はん)種(しゅ) • (hanshu) 

1. [from 1879] (rare) sowing, the spreading of seed on the ground for growing a crop

   Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)

2. [date unknown] (medicine) dissemination (the spreading out of cells within the body, particularly cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)

   Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasis”)

Verb

播(はん)種(しゅ)する • (hanshu suru) suru (stem 播(はん)種(しゅ)し (hanshu shi), past 播(はん)種(しゅ)した (hanshu shita))

1. [from 1879] (rare, transitive) to sow, to spread seed on the ground for growing a crop

   Synonym: 種蒔き (tanemaki)

2. [date unknown] (intransitive, medicine) to disseminate (to spread out within the body, particularly for cells of an invasive disease or of cancer)

   Hyponym: 転移 (ten'i, “metastasize”)

Usage notes

• Although some dictionaries[1][5][6] list this separate reading with a distinct sense, other dictionaries[2][7][3][4] do not list any hanshu reading, and if they include the medical dissemination sense, they do so under the hanshu reading.[1]
• The Microsoft IME for Japanese only recognizes the hashu reading for this kanji compound.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "播種する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Continuative (連用形)	播種し	はしゅし	hashu shi
Terminal (終止形)	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Attributive (連体形)	播種する	はしゅする	hashu suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	播種すれ	はしゅすれ	hashu sure
Imperative (命令形)	播種せよ¹ 播種しろ²	はしゅせよ¹ はしゅしろ²	hashu seyo¹ hashu shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	播種される	はしゅされる	hashu sareru
Causative	播種させる 播種さす	はしゅさせる はしゅさす	hashu saseru hashu sasu
Potential	播種できる	はしゅできる	hashu dekiru
Volitional	播種しよう	はしゅしよう	hashu shiyō
Negative	播種しない	はしゅしない	hashu shinai
Negative continuative	播種せず	はしゅせず	hashu sezu
Formal	播種します	はしゅします	hashu shimasu
Perfective	播種した	はしゅした	hashu shita
Conjunctive	播種して	はしゅして	hashu shite
Hypothetical conditional	播種すれば	はしゅすれば	hashu sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Further reading

• Disseminated disease on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

References

1. “播種”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. 1997, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
5. 1998, 広辞苑 (Kōjien), Fifth Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
6. http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/149124/m3u/%E6%92%AD%E7%A8%AE/
7. “播種”, in デジタル大辞泉 (Dejitaru Daijisen)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months