掴む
See also: 摑む
Japanese
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 掴 |
| つか Hyōgaiji |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 摑む (kyūjitai) 攫む 抓む |
Etymology
Derived from 束 (tsuka, “bunch, bundle”) + む (-mu, verb-forming suffix indicating “to look like, to seem like”).[1]
First cited to a text from 850.[2]
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) つかむ [tsùkáꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [2])[3]
- IPA(key): [t͡sɨᵝka̠mɯ̟ᵝ]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "掴む"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 掴む | つかむ | [tsùkáꜜmù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 掴め | つかめ | [tsùkáꜜmè] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 掴まれる | つかまれる | [tsùkámáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 掴ませる | つかませる | [tsùkámáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 掴める | つかめる | [tsùkáméꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 掴もう | つかもー | [tsùkámóꜜò] |
| Negative | 掴まない | つかまない | [tsùkámáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 掴まなかった | つかまなかった | [tsùkámáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 掴みます | つかみます | [tsùkámímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 掴んだ | つかんだ | [tsùkáꜜǹdà] |
| Conjunctive | 掴んで | つかんで | [tsùkáꜜǹdè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 掴めば | つかめば | [tsùkáꜜmèbà] |
Verb
掴む • (tsukamu) transitive godan (stem 掴み (tsukami), past 掴んだ (tsukanda))
| Japanese verb pair | |
|---|---|
| active | 掴む |
| mediopassive | 掴まる |
- [from 850] to grab
- [from 850] to grip, take hold of
- [from 1724] to accept (a bribe)
- [from 1701] to abduct, kidnap
- [from 1897] to capture, grasp (imagination, hearts, opportunities, etc.)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "掴む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 掴ま | つかま | tsukama |
| Continuative (連用形) | 掴み | つかみ | tsukami |
| Terminal (終止形) | 掴む | つかむ | tsukamu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 掴む | つかむ | tsukamu |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 掴め | つかめ | tsukame |
| Imperative (命令形) | 掴め | つかめ | tsukame |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 掴まれる | つかまれる | tsukamareru |
| Causative | 掴ませる 掴ます | つかませる つかます | tsukamaseru tsukamasu |
| Potential | 掴める | つかめる | tsukameru |
| Volitional | 掴もう | つかもう | tsukamō |
| Negative | 掴まない | つかまない | tsukamanai |
| Negative continuative | 掴まず | つかまず | tsukamazu |
| Formal | 掴みます | つかみます | tsukamimasu |
| Perfective | 掴んだ | つかんだ | tsukanda |
| Conjunctive | 掴んで | つかんで | tsukande |
| Hypothetical conditional | 掴めば | つかめば | tsukameba |
Classical conjugation of "掴む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 掴ま | つかま | tukama |
| Continuative (連用形) | 掴み | つかみ | tukami |
| Terminal (終止形) | 掴む | つかむ | tukamu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 掴む | つかむ | tukamu |
| Realis (已然形) | 掴め | つかめ | tukame |
| Imperative (命令形) | 掴め | つかめ | tukame |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 掴まず | つかまず | tukamazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 掴めど | つかめど | tukamedo |
| Causal conjunction | 掴めば | つかめば | tukameba |
| Conditional conjunction | 掴まば | つかまば | tukamaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 掴みき | つかみき | tukamiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 掴みけり | つかみけり | tukamikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 掴みつ | つかみつ | tukamitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 掴みぬ | つかみぬ | tukaminu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 掴めり 掴みたり | つかめり つかみたり | tukameri tukamitari |
| Volitional | 掴まむ | つかまむ | tukamamu |
Derived terms
Derived terms
- 掴まえる (tsukamaeru)
- 掴ませる (tsukamaseru)
- 掴まゆ (tsukamayu)
- 掴み合う (tsukamiau)
- 掴み上げる (tsukamiageru)
- 掴み洗い (tsukamiarai)
- 掴み金 (tsukamikin)
- 掴み込む (tsukamikomu)
- 掴み殺す (tsukamikorosu)
- 掴み染め (tsukamizome)
- 掴み高 (tsukamidaka)
- 掴み出す (tsukamidasu)
- 掴み立つ (tsukamitatsu)
- 掴み付く (tsukamitsuku)
- 掴み潰す (tsukamitsubusu)
- 掴み所 (tsukamidokoro)
- 掴み取る (tsukamidoru)
- 掴み投げ (tsukaminage)
- 掴み奉公 (tsukamibōkō)
- 掴み料理 (tsukamiryōri)
- 掻い掴む (kaitsukamu), 掻っ掴む (kattsukamu)
- 引っ掴む (hittsukamu), 引き掴む (hikitsukamu)
Idioms
Idioms
- 牛掴むばかりの暗がり (ushi tsukamu bakari no kuragari)
- 雲を掴む (kumo o tsukamu)
- 虚空を掴む (kokū o tsukamu)
- 心を掴む (kokoro o tsukamu)
- 尻尾を掴む (shippo o tsukamu)
- 砂を掴む (suna o tsukamu)
- 濡れ手で粟をつかむ (nurete de awa o tsukamu)
Proverbs
- 溺れる者は藁をも掴む (oboreru mono wa wara o mo tsukamu)
- 倒るる所に土を掴む (taoruru tokoro ni tsuchi o tsukamu)
See also
- 束ねる (tsukaneru)
- 把握する (haaku suru)
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- “掴・攫・抓”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN