拂菻

拂菻

Chinese

		phonetic
simp. and trad. (拂菻)		拂	菻

Etymology

Unknown. A review of the etymological proposals for this word has been written by Zhang Xushan, favoring a derivation from Sogdian [script needed] (frwm /frūm/), [script needed] (βrʾwm /frūm, frōm/, “Rome, Byzantium”) or Chorasmian [script needed] (frōm), which are akin to Parthian frwm (Frōm), Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬‎ (Hrōm, “Rome; Byzantine”), and Old Armenian Հռովմ (Hṙovm), all of which are ultimately from Ancient Greek Ῥώμη (Rhṓmē).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Fúlǐn

  (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˊ ㄌㄧㄣˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): fat¹ lam⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: Fúlǐn
    • Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˊ ㄌㄧㄣˇ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Fwuliin
    • IPA ^(key): /fu³⁵ lin²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: fat¹ lam⁴
    • Yale: fāt làhm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: fat⁷ lam⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: fed¹ lem⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /fɐt̚⁵ lɐm²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /pʰɨut̚  liɪm^X/▼

Rime
Character	拂	菻
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	滂 (2)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	物 (60)	侵 (139)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	敷勿切	力稔切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pʰɨut̚/	/liɪmX/
Pan Wuyun	/pʰiut̚/	/limX/
Shao Rongfen	/pʰiuət̚/	/ljemX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/pʰut̚/	/limX/
Li Rong	/pʰiuət̚/	/liəmX/
Wang Li	/pʰĭuət̚/	/lĭĕmX/
Bernard Karlgren	/pʰi̯uət̚/	/li̯əmX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fu	lǐn

Proper noun

拂菻

1. (obsolete) Byzantium

References

• Gharib, B. (1995), “frwm”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 156a
• Gharib, B. (1995), “βrʾwm”, in Sogdian dictionary: Sogdian–Persian–English, Tehran: Farhangan Publications, page 107b