抱く

抱く

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
抱
だ Grade: S
kun’yomi

/idaku/ → /daku/

Shift from idaku.[1][2][3]

Compare the shift of 茨 (ibara, “bramble, briar”) → 薔薇 (bara, “rose”).

First cited to the Utsubo Monogatari of roughly 999 CE.[1]

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) だく [dàkú] (Heiban – [0])[2][4]
• IPA^(key): [da̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

• Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "抱く"

Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	抱く	だく	[dàkú]
Imperative (命令形)	抱け	だけ	[dàké]
Key constructions
Passive	抱かれる	だかれる	[dàkárérú]
Causative	抱かせる	だかせる	[dàkásérú]
Potential	抱ける	だける	[dàkérú]
Volitional	抱こう	だこ​ー	[dàkóꜜò]
Negative	抱かない	だかない	[dàkánáí]
Negative perfective	抱かなかった	だかな​かった	[dàkánáꜜkàttà]
Formal	抱きます	だきま​す	[dàkímáꜜsù]
Perfective	抱いた	だいた	[dàítá]
Conjunctive	抱いて	だいて	[dàíté]
Hypothetical conditional	抱けば	だけ​ば	[dàkéꜜbà]

Verb

抱(だ)く • (daku) transitive godan (stem 抱(だ)き (daki), past 抱(だ)いた (daita))

1. [circa 999 — present] to embrace, hug, hold in one's arms

   Synonym: 抱擁する (hōyō suru)

   彼氏(かれし)に後(うし)ろからそっと抱(だ)かれたい。

   Kareshi ni ushiro kara sotto dakaretai.

   I want my boyfriend to hug me gently from behind.

2. [1703 — present] (euphemistic) to sleep with someone

   抱(だ)いてね。 ― daite ne. ― Hold me.

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:性交する

3. to sit on eggs, to brood on a nest (said of a bird)
4. [1008 — present] (archaic) to hold something in mind, to harbor some feeling about, to entertain a thought about
5. [1773 — ] to involve someone in one's own actions or thoughts, particularly in negative contexts
6. [1822 — ] (archaic) to take a gigolo as a lover (said of a woman working in a brothel as support staff)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "抱く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	抱か	だか	daka
Continuative (連用形)	抱き	だき	daki
Terminal (終止形)	抱く	だく	daku
Attributive (連体形)	抱く	だく	daku
Hypothetical (仮定形)	抱け	だけ	dake
Imperative (命令形)	抱け	だけ	dake
Key constructions
Passive	抱かれる	だかれる	dakareru
Causative	抱かせる 抱かす	だかせる だかす	dakaseru dakasu
Potential	抱ける	だける	dakeru
Volitional	抱こう	だこう	dakō
Negative	抱かない	だかない	dakanai
Negative continuative	抱かず	だかず	dakazu
Formal	抱きます	だきます	dakimasu
Perfective	抱いた	だいた	daita
Conjunctive	抱いて	だいて	daite
Hypothetical conditional	抱けば	だけば	dakeba

Classical conjugation of "抱く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	抱か	だか	daka
Continuative (連用形)	抱き	だき	daki
Terminal (終止形)	抱く	だく	daku
Attributive (連体形)	抱く	だく	daku
Realis (已然形)	抱け	だけ	dake
Imperative (命令形)	抱け	だけ	dake
Key constructions
Negative	抱かず	だかず	dakazu
Contrasting conjunction	抱けど	だけど	dakedo
Causal conjunction	抱けば	だけば	dakeba
Conditional conjunction	抱かば	だかば	dakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	抱きき	だきき	dakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	抱きけり	だきけり	dakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	抱きつ	だきつ	dakitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	抱きぬ	だきぬ	dakinu
Perfect-continuative tense	抱けり 抱きたり	だけり だきたり	dakeri dakitari
Volitional	抱かむ	だかむ	dakamu

Derived terms

• 抱(だ)き (daki)
• ひん抱(だ)く (hindaku)

Idioms

• 腰(こし)を抱(だ)く (koshi o daku)
• 膝(ひざ)を抱(だ)く (hiza o daku)
• 不(ふ)審(しん)を抱(だ)く (fushin o daku)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
抱
いだ Grade: S
kun’yomi

Alternative spellings
懐く 擁く (rare)

/udaku/ → /idaku/

Shift from earlier udaku.[1]

This reading is possibly cited to a work from roughly 850 CE.[1] However, that citation is phonologically ambiguous, and may represent the reading udaku instead. The first unambiguous citation for the idaku reading is in the Tosa Nikki of roughly 935 CE.[1]

While there are numerous examples of mu shifting to u in various words, the mu- → u- → i- shift is unusual, and is shared only by mubara → ubara → ibara (茨, “bramble, briar”).[1]

Found more commonly in 和文 (wabun, “texts written primarily in native Japanese vocabulary”).[1]

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) いだ​く [ìdáꜜkù] (Nakadaka – [2])[2][4]
• IPA^(key): [ida̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

• Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "抱く"

Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形)	抱く	いだ​く	[ìdáꜜkù]
Imperative (命令形)	抱け	いだ​け	[ìdáꜜkè]
Key constructions
Passive	抱かれる	いだかれ​る	[ìdákáréꜜrù]
Causative	抱かせる	いだかせ​る	[ìdákáséꜜrù]
Potential	抱ける	いだけ​る	[ìdákéꜜrù]
Volitional	抱こう	いだこ​ー	[ìdákóꜜò]
Negative	抱かない	いだか​ない	[ìdákáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective	抱かなかった	いだか​なかった	[ìdákáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal	抱きます	いだきま​す	[ìdákímáꜜsù]
Perfective	抱いた	いだ​いた	[ìdáꜜìtà]
Conjunctive	抱いて	いだ​いて	[ìdáꜜìtè]
Hypothetical conditional	抱けば	いだ​けば	[ìdáꜜkèbà]

Verb

抱(いだ)く • (idaku) transitive godan (stem 抱(いだ)き (idaki), past 抱(いだ)いた (idaita))

1. [maybe 850 — present] to hold something in mind, to harbor some feeling about, to entertain a thought about

   不満(ふまん)を抱(いだ)く

   fuman o idaku

   to harbor dissatisfaction

2. [circa 935 – present] (literary) to embrace, hug, hold in one's arms

Conjugation

Conjugation of "抱く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	抱か	いだか	idaka
Continuative (連用形)	抱き	いだき	idaki
Terminal (終止形)	抱く	いだく	idaku
Attributive (連体形)	抱く	いだく	idaku
Hypothetical (仮定形)	抱け	いだけ	idake
Imperative (命令形)	抱け	いだけ	idake
Key constructions
Passive	抱かれる	いだかれる	idakareru
Causative	抱かせる 抱かす	いだかせる いだかす	idakaseru idakasu
Potential	抱ける	いだける	idakeru
Volitional	抱こう	いだこう	idakō
Negative	抱かない	いだかない	idakanai
Negative continuative	抱かず	いだかず	idakazu
Formal	抱きます	いだきます	idakimasu
Perfective	抱いた	いだいた	idaita
Conjunctive	抱いて	いだいて	idaite
Hypothetical conditional	抱けば	いだけば	idakeba

Classical conjugation of "抱く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	抱か	いだか	idaka
Continuative (連用形)	抱き	いだき	idaki
Terminal (終止形)	抱く	いだく	idaku
Attributive (連体形)	抱く	いだく	idaku
Realis (已然形)	抱け	いだけ	idake
Imperative (命令形)	抱け	いだけ	idake
Key constructions
Negative	抱かず	いだかず	idakazu
Contrasting conjunction	抱けど	いだけど	idakedo
Causal conjunction	抱けば	いだけば	idakeba
Conditional conjunction	抱かば	いだかば	idakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	抱きき	いだきき	idakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	抱きけり	いだきけり	idakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	抱きつ	いだきつ	idakitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	抱きぬ	いだきぬ	idakinu
Perfect-continuative tense	抱けり 抱きたり	いだけり いだきたり	idakeri idakitari
Volitional	抱かむ	いだかむ	idakamu

Derived terms

• 抱(いだ)き (idaki)
• 抱(いだ)かふ (idakau)

Idioms

• 膝(ひざ)を抱(いだ)く (hiza o idaku)

Proverbs

• 重(じゅう)宝(ほう)を懐(いだ)く者(もの)は夜(や)行(こう)せず (jūhō o idaku mono wa yakō sezu)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
抱
うだ Grade: S
irregular

Alternative spelling
懐く

⟨mudaku⟩ → /mudaku/ → /udaku/

Shift from Old Japanese 抱く (mudaku),[1] in turn possibly a compound of 身 (mu, “body”, combining reading) +‎ 綰く (taku, “to gather in the hands; to work or operate something with the hands”).[1]

First cited to a text from roughly 810 CE.[1]

This reading is encountered more in the context of 漢文訓読 (kanbun kundoku, “the Japanese reading of texts written primarily in a variety of Classical Chinese”), and it fell out of use in roughly the Kamakura period.[1][2]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɯ̟ᵝda̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

抱(うだ)く • (udaku) transitive ^†yodan

1. [810 — 1200s] (obsolete) to hug, embrace
2. [883 — 1200s] to hold something in mind, to harbor some feeling about, to entertain a thought about

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "抱く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	抱か	うだか	udaka
Continuative (連用形)	抱き	うだき	udaki
Terminal (終止形)	抱く	うだく	udaku
Attributive (連体形)	抱く	うだく	udaku
Realis (已然形)	抱け	うだけ	udake
Imperative (命令形)	抱け	うだけ	udake
Key constructions
Negative	抱かず	うだかず	udakazu
Contrasting conjunction	抱けど	うだけど	udakedo
Causal conjunction	抱けば	うだけば	udakeba
Conditional conjunction	抱かば	うだかば	udakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	抱きき	うだきき	udakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	抱きけり	うだきけり	udakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	抱きつ	うだきつ	udakitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	抱きぬ	うだきぬ	udakinu
Perfect-continuative tense	抱けり 抱きたり	うだけり うだきたり	udakeri udakitari
Volitional	抱かむ	うだかむ	udakamu

References

1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

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Old Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
抱
むだ Grade: S
irregular

Probably a compound of 身 (mu, combining form of mi₂, “body”) +‎ 綰く (taku, “to do an action using one's hands”).[1][2]

First cited in the Man'yōshū of roughly 759 CE. Not attested past the early Heian period.[1]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [mɯ̟ᵝda̠kɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

抱く (mudaku) (kana むだく)

1. to hug, embrace

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "抱く" (カ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	抱か	むだか	mudaka
Continuative (連用形)	抱き	むだき	mudaki
Terminal (終止形)	抱く	むだく	mudaku
Attributive (連体形)	抱く	むだく	mudaku
Realis (已然形)	抱け	むだけ	mudake
Imperative (命令形)	抱け	むだけ	mudake
Key constructions
Negative	抱かず	むだかず	mudakazu
Contrasting conjunction	抱けど	むだけど	mudakedo
Causal conjunction	抱けば	むだけば	mudakeba
Conditional conjunction	抱かば	むだかば	mudakaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	抱きき	むだきき	mudakiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	抱きけり	むだきけり	mudakikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	抱きつ	むだきつ	mudakitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	抱きぬ	むだきぬ	mudakinu
Perfect-continuative tense	抱けり 抱きたり	むだけり むだきたり	mudakeri mudakitari
Volitional	抱かむ	むだかむ	mudakamu

Derived terms

• 抱き (mudaki₁)
• 搔き抱く (kaki₁mudaku)
• 拱く (tamudaku)

Idioms

• 膝を抱く (pi₁za wo mudaku)

Descendants

• Japanese: 抱く (udaku → idaku → daku)

References

1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN