懈怠

懈怠

Chinese

		lax; negligent	idle; lazy; negligent idle; lazy; negligent; careless
trad. (懈怠)		懈	怠
simp. #(懈怠)		懈	怠

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xièdài

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄞˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haai⁶ toi⁵, haai⁶ doi⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hai-thai / hái-thái

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xièdài
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˋ ㄉㄞˋ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiehday
    • IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: haai⁶ toi⁵, haai⁶ doi⁶
    • Yale: haaih tóih, haaih doih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haai⁶ toi⁵, haai⁶ doi⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: hai⁶ toi⁵, hai⁶ doi⁶
    • IPA ^(key): /häːi̯²² tʰɔːy̯¹³/, /häːi̯²² tɔːy̯²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hai-thai / hái-thái
    • Hakka Romanization System: hai tai / hai` tai`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hai⁴ tai⁴ / hai³ tai³
    • IPA: /hai̯⁵⁵ tʰai̯⁵⁵/, /hai̯³¹ tʰai̯³¹/

Adjective

懈怠

1. slack; sluggish; remiss

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Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
懈	怠
かい Hyōgaiji	たい Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛ^X doi^X, literally “idle + negligent”). The kan'on, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
  • (Tokyo) かいたい [kàítáí] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [ka̠ita̠i]

Noun

懈怠 (hiragana かいたい, rōmaji kaitai)

1. (law) laches: a kind of lapse wherein an opposing party has neglected to invoke its rights within a certain period of time
2. (civil law) negligence
3. laziness, idleness, carelessness

Usage notes

The Japanese Wikipedia article 懈怠 (法学) describing the legal laches and negligence senses uses the ketai reading. However, dictionaries tend to list kaitai as the primary reading for the legal senses.[1][2]

Synonyms

• (negligence): 過失 (かしつ) (kashitsu)
• (laziness): 怠慢 (たいまん) (taiman)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
懈	怠
け Hyōgaiji	たい Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛ^X doi^X, literally “idle + negligent”). A mixed reading, so likely a later development within Japanese. Uses the goon of ke for the first half, and the kan'on of tai for the second half.

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
  • (Tokyo) けたい [kètáí] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [ke̞ta̠i]

Noun

懈怠 (hiragana けたい, rōmaji ketai)

1. laziness, idleness, carelessness
2. (law) laches: a kind of lapse wherein an opposing party has neglected to invoke its rights within a certain period of time
3. (civil law) negligence
4. (Buddhism) spiritual slothfulness: kausidya

Usage notes

The kedai reading below is more common for the Buddhist spiritual slothfulness sense.

Synonyms

• (laziness): 怠慢 (たいまん) (taiman)

Verb

懈怠する (hiragana けたいする, rōmaji ketai suru)

1. to be lazy, to be careless

Conjugation

Conjugation of "懈怠する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	懈怠し	けたいし	ketai shi
Continuative (連用形)	懈怠し	けたいし	ketai shi
Terminal (終止形)	懈怠する	けたいする	ketai suru
Attributive (連体形)	懈怠する	けたいする	ketai suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	懈怠すれ	けたいすれ	ketai sure
Imperative (命令形)	懈怠せよ¹ 懈怠しろ²	けたいせよ¹ けたいしろ²	ketai seyo¹ ketai shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	懈怠される	けたいされる	ketai sareru
Causative	懈怠させる 懈怠さす	けたいさせる けたいさす	ketai saseru ketai sasu
Potential	懈怠できる	けたいできる	ketai dekiru
Volitional	懈怠しよう	けたいしよう	ketai shiyō
Negative	懈怠しない	けたいしない	ketai shinai
Negative continuative	懈怠せず	けたいせず	ketai sezu
Formal	懈怠します	けたいします	ketai shimasu
Perfective	懈怠した	けたいした	ketai shita
Conjunctive	懈怠して	けたいして	ketai shite
Hypothetical conditional	懈怠すれば	けたいすれば	ketai sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Synonyms

• (laziness): 怠慢 (たいまん) (taiman)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
懈	怠
け Hyōgaiji	だい Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 懈怠 (hɛ^X doi^X, literally “idle + negligent”). The goon, so likely the original borrowing.

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Goon
  • (Tokyo) けだい [kèdáí] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [ke̞da̠i]

Noun

懈怠 (hiragana けだい, rōmaji kedai)

1. (Buddhism) spiritual slothfulness: kausidya
2. laziness, idleness, carelessness

Usage notes

The ketai reading above is more common for the laziness sense.

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
2. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN