惡
See also: 悪, 恶, 亞, and 噩
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Translingual
| Traditional | 惡 |
|---|---|
| Shinjitai | 悪 |
| Simplified | 恶 |
Han character
惡 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一一心 (MMP), four-corner 10331, composition ⿱亞心)
Descendants
- 𛀅
References
- KangXi: page 391, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10824
- Dae Jaweon: page 724, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2307, character 12
- Unihan data for U+60E1
- Unihan data for U+F9B9
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 惡 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (亞) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 椏 | *qaːʔ, *qraː |
| 錏 | *qraː |
| 鵶 | *qraː |
| 啞 | *qraːʔ, *qraːɡs, *qraːɡ, *qraːɡ |
| 瘂 | *qraːʔ |
| 亞 | *qraːɡs |
| 婭 | *qraːɡs |
| 俹 | *qraːɡs |
| 稏 | *qraːɡs |
| 惡 | *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ |
| 噁 | *qaːɡs |
| 堊 | *qaːɡ |
| 蝁 | *qaːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ) : phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Etymology 1
| trad. | 惡 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 恶* | |
| alternative forms | 僫 悪 𢛫 𢝏 䜑 僫 悪 𢛫 𢝏 䜑 䛩 | |
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔak (“bad”); cognate with Tibetan ཨག་པོ (ag po, “bad”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007). Also related to Thai ยาก (yâak, “difficult”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
Definitions
惡
- evil; wicked; foul
- 惡毒／恶毒 ― èdú ― malicious
- 他經常作惡，這回終於犯事了。 [MSC, trad.]
- Tā jīngcháng zuò'è, zhè huí zhōngyú fànshì le. [Pinyin]
- He often does bad things and has finally been caught.
他经常作恶，这回终于犯事了。 [MSC, simp.]- Antonym: 善 (shàn)
- fierce; hostile; ferocious
- 惡戰／恶战 ― èzhàn ― to fight fiercely
- 內有惡犬／内有恶犬 ― nèi yǒu è quǎn ― there is a fierce dog inside
- 佢心情唔好就好惡㗎喇。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- keoi5 sam1 cing4 m4 hou2 zau6 hou2 ok3 gaa3 laa3. [Jyutping]
- When he's upset, he gets really hostile.
佢心情唔好就好恶㗎喇。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- bad; poor
- 惡習／恶习 ― èxí ― bad habits
- 惡化／恶化 ― èhuà ― to deteriorate
- 士志於道，而恥惡衣惡食者，未足與議也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Shì zhì yú dào, ér chǐ è yī è shí zhě, wèi zú yǔ yì yě. [Pinyin]
- A scholar, whose mind is set on truth, and who is ashamed of bad clothes and bad food, is not fit to be discoursed with.
士志于道，而耻恶衣恶食者，未足与议也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Cantonese, Min Nan) difficult
- 呢單嘢好惡搞。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- ni1 daan1 je5 hou2 ok3 gaau2. [Jyutping]
- This is really hard to deal with.
呢单嘢好恶搞。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- (Taiwanese Hokkien) slow
Usage notes
僫 is more common for the Hokkien word when pronounced oh.
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 難, 困難, 艱難 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 難, 困難, 艱難 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 難 |
| Taiwan | 難 | |
| Jinan | 難 | |
| Xi'an | 難 | |
| Wuhan | 難 | |
| Chengdu | 難 | |
| Guilin | 難 | |
| Yangzhou | 難 | |
| Hefei | 難 | |
| Singapore | 難 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 難, 惡 † |
| Hong Kong | 難, 惡 † | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 難 | |
| Taishan | 難, 惡 † | |
| Yangjiang | 難, 惡 † | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 難 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 難 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 難 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 難 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 難 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 難 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 難 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 難 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 難 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 難 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 難 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 艱難, 難 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 惡, 歹 †, 艱苦 |
| Quanzhou | 惡 | |
| Jinjiang | 難 | |
| Zhangzhou | 惡 | |
| Zhao'an | 惡, 䆀 † | |
| Dongshan | 惡 | |
| Taipei | 惡 | |
| New Taipei (Sanxia) | 惡 | |
| Kaohsiung | 惡 | |
| Yilan | 惡 | |
| Changhua (Lukang) | 惡 | |
| Taichung | 惡 | |
| Tainan | 惡, 歹 † | |
| Hsinchu | 惡 | |
| Kinmen | 惡 | |
| Penghu (Magong) | 惡 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 † | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 惡, 艱苦, 歹 † | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦, 歹 †, 惡 | |
| Chaozhou | 惡 | |
| Shantou | 難, 惡 | |
| Shantou (Chenghai) | 惡 | |
| Jieyang | 惡 | |
| Haifeng | 惡 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 惡, 歹 † | |
| Wenchang | 惡 | |
| Haikou | 惡 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 惡 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 難 |
| Wenzhou | 難 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 難 |
| Shuangfeng | 難 | |
| Note | † - only used with a verbal complement | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 惡
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Descendants
Sino-Xenic (惡):
- → Japanese: 悪 (aku)
- → Korean: 악(惡) (ak)
- → Vietnamese: ác (惡)
Etymology 2
| trad. | 惡 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 恶* | |
| alternative forms | 僫 悪 𢛫 𢝏 䜑 僫 悪 𢛫 𢝏 䜑 䛩 | |
Exoactive of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
Definitions
惡
- to hate; to loathe; to dislike
- 厭惡／厌恶 ― yànwù ― to loathe
- 死亦我所惡，所惡有甚於死者，故患有所不辟也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Sǐ yì wǒ suǒ wù, suǒ wù yǒu shèn yú sǐ zhě, gù huàn yǒu suǒ bù bì yě. [Pinyin]
- I dislike death indeed, but there is that which I dislike more than death, and therefore there are occasions when I will not avoid danger.
死亦我所恶，所恶有甚于死者，故患有所不辟也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 好賢如《緇衣》，惡惡如《巷伯》。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Hào xián rú “Zī Yī”, wù è rú “Xiàng Bó”. [Pinyin]
- Love the good (persons) like how the poet of Black Robes loves her lover, and loathe the wicked like the poet who wrote Xiang Bo.
好贤如《缁衣》，恶恶如《巷伯》。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 又有可怪者。上帝惡世人罪惡，破天淵之水，以盡滅之，又俯念以色列盡戮埃及長子。此時其「不忍仁愛之性」未知何處去。 [Korean Literary Sinitic, trad.]
- From: 1961, Kim Yeong'ik (金永益), 《西敎辨》
- U yu ga goe ja. Sangje o sein joeak, pa cheon yeon ji su, i jin myeol ji, u bunyeom Isaengnyeol jin ryuk Aegup jangja. Chasi gi "burin inae ji seong" miji hacheo geo. [Sino-Korean]
- There is another strange thing. God hating the sins of the people of the world, he broke open the waters of the heavenly vaults and annihilated them all thereby; and looking down upon Israel, he massacred all of Egypt's eldest sons. I do not know where this "kindhearted nature which cannot bear [to punish]" was to be found at those times.
Compounds
Derived terms from 惡
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Etymology 3
| trad. | 惡 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 恶* | |
| alternative forms | 僫 悪 𢛫 𢝏 䜑 僫 悪 𢛫 𢝏 䜑 䛩 | |
Cognate with 安 (OC *qaːn, “where; how”), 焉 (OC *qan, “where; how”).
Pronunciation
Definitions
惡
- † An interrogative pronoun: how
- 君子去仁，惡乎成名？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Jūnzǐ qù rén, wū hū chéngmíng? [Pinyin]
- If a superior man abandon virtue, how can he fulfil the requirements of that name?
君子去仁，恶乎成名？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 自我觀之，仁義之端，是非之塗，樊然殽亂，吾惡能知其辯？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Zì wǒ guān zhī, rényì zhī duān, shìfēi zhī tú, fánrán yáoluàn, wú wū néng zhī qí biàn? [Pinyin]
- As I look at the matter, the first principles of benevolence and righteousness and the paths of approval and disapproval are inextricably mixed and confused together - how is it possible that I should know how to discriminate among them?
自我观之，仁义之端，是非之涂，樊然淆乱，吾恶能知其辩？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 先生飲一斗而醉，惡能飲一石哉？ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Xiānshēng yǐn yī dǒu ér zuì, wū néng yǐn yī dàn zāi? [Pinyin]
- You, sir, become drunk after drinking just one dou; how can you drink one dan?
先生饮一斗而醉，恶能饮一石哉？ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † Interjection used to express surprise: oh; ah
Compounds
Derived terms from 惡
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See also
- 烏／乌 (wū)
Etymology 4
| For pronunciation and definitions of 惡 – see 噁. (This character, 惡, is a variant traditional form of 噁.) |
Etymology 5
| trad. | 惡 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 恶* | |
| alternative forms | 污 屙 涴 | |
Probably related to etymologies 1 and 2 (Zhengzhang, 2011b; Xiang, 2019). Alternatively, 涴 (MC ʔuɑH, “to soil; to stain”) has been proposed to be the etymon (Cao, 2008).
Pronunciation
Definitions
惡
- (Wu) excrement
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 屎 (“faeces”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words edit |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 糞, 屎, 糞便, 大便, 大恭 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 屎, 大外, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Taiwan | 大便, 屎 | |
| Harbin | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Yantai (Muping) | 屎 | |
| Jinan | 屎, 大糞, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Luoyang | 屎, 屎㞎㞎 childish | |
| Wanrong | 屎 | |
| Xi'an | 屎 | |
| Yinchuan | 屎 | |
| Lanzhou | 屎 | |
| Xining | 大便 | |
| Ürümqi | 屎 | |
| Wuhan | 㞎㞎, 屎, 大糞, 糞, 糟兒 slang, 米田共 argot | |
| Chengdu | 屎, 屎㞎衣兒, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎㞎 childish | |
| Guiyang | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎兒 childish | |
| Liuzhou | 屎, 癟, 大便 | |
| Xuzhou | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Yangzhou | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Nanjing | 屎 | |
| Malaysia | 屎, 大便 | |
| Singapore | 屎, 大便 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 屎, 茄 |
| Hong Kong | 屎, 茄, 大便, 米田共 slang, 便便 childish, 唔唔 childish, 臭臭 childish | |
| Macau | 屎 | |
| Zhuhai (Doumen) | 屎, 茄 | |
| Dongguan | 屎 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 屎 | |
| Penang (Guangfu) | 屎 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 屎 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 屎 |
| Lichuan | 屎 | |
| Pingxiang | 屎 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 屎 |
| Yudu | 屎 | |
| Kuching (Hepo) | 屎 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 屎, 練 childish |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 屎 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 屎 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 屎 |
| Quanzhou | 屎 | |
| Zhangzhou | 屎 | |
| Tainan | 屎, 大便 GT | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 屎 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 屎 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 屎 | |
| Chaozhou | 屎 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 屎 | |
| Leizhou | 屎 | |
| Haikou | 屎 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 屎 | |
| Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 屎 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 惡, 大解 dated |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 惡 | |
| Suzhou | 惡 | |
| Danyang | 屎 | |
| Hangzhou | 惡 | |
| Ningbo | 惡 | |
| Wenzhou | 惡 | |
| Jinhua | 惡 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish |
| Loudi | 屎, 㞎㞎 childish | |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | |
References
- “惡”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01382
Japanese
Shinjitai | 悪 |
Kyūjitai | 惡 |
Kanji
惡
(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 悪)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Readings
- Go-on: あく (aku); う (u)
- Kan-on: あく (aku); お (o)
- Kun: わるい (warui, 惡い)
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC ʔɑk̚).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅙᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: qák) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | 모〯딜 (Yale: mwǒtìl) | 악〮 (Yale: ák) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [a̠k̚]
- Phonetic hangul: [악]
Hanja
Wikisource惡 (eumhun 악할 악 (akhal ak))
- Hanja form? of 악 (“evil; wickedness”). [noun]
Compounds
Compounds
- 간악 (奸惡, ganak)
- 강악 (強惡, gang'ak)
- 괴악 (怪惡, goeak)
- 극악 (極惡, geugak)
- 선악 (善惡, seonak)
- 악감 (惡感, akgam)
- 악과 (惡果, akgwa)
- 악귀 (惡鬼, akgwi)
- 악기 (惡氣, akgi)
- 악녀 (惡女, angnyeo)
- 악담 (惡談, akdam)
- 악당 (惡黨, akdang)
- 악덕 (惡德, akdeok)
- 악령 (惡靈, angnyeong)
- 악마 (惡魔, angma)
- 악몽 (惡夢, angmong)
- 악법 (惡法, akbeop)
- 악설 (惡舌/惡說, akseol)
- 악성 (惡性, akseong)
- 악성 (惡聲, akseong)
- 악습 (惡習, akseup)
- 악역 (惡役, agyeok)
- 악용 (惡用, agyong)
- 악의 (惡意, agui)
- 악인 (惡人, agin)
- 악질 (惡疾, akjil)
- 악질 (惡質, akjil)
- 악취 (惡臭, akchwi)
- 악투 (惡投, aktu)
- 악폐 (惡弊, akpye)
- 악풍 (惡風, akpung)
- 악화 (惡化, akhwa)
- 열악 (劣惡, yeorak)
- 잔악 (殘惡, janak)
- 조악 (粗惡, joak)
- 죄악 (罪惡, joeak)
- 참악 (慘惡, chamak)
- 최악 (最惡, choeak)
- 추악 (醜惡, chuak)
- 포악 (暴惡, poak)
- 해악 (害惡, haeak)
- 행악 (行惡, haeng'ak)
- 험악 (險惡, heomak)
- 흉악 (凶惡, hyung'ak)
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC ʔuoH).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅙᅩᆼ〮 (Yale: qwó) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 아쳐 (Yale: achye) | 오 (Yale: wo) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [o̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [오]
Hanja
惡 (eumhun 미워할 오 (miwohal o))
- Hanja form? of 오 (“to hate”). [affix]
Compounds
Compounds
- 오한 (惡寒, ohan)
- 증오 (憎惡, jeung'o)
- 혐오 (嫌惡, hyeomo)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.
Tày
Adjective
惡 (ác)
- Nôm form of ác (“much, evil”).
Vietnamese
Han character
惡: Hán Nôm readings: ác, ố
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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