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单词
释义

U+60A8, 您
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60A8

[U+60A7]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+60A9]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 61, +7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人火心 (OFP), four-corner 27339, composition你心)

References

  • KangXi: not present, would follow page 388, character 34
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10712
  • Dae Jaweon: page 721, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2301, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+60A8

Chinese

trad.
simp. #
alternative forms
honorific

Glyph origin

Ideogrammic compound (會意) : (you) + (heart). (MC siɪm) may also phonetically signify the original -m ending (Yuan et al., 1996).

Etymology

This character was not listed in Sui/Tang rhyme books. First attested in Jin/Yuan-era literature, when it was also written as and probably pronounced as *nim at the time (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). The pronoun was used both in the singular and the plural.

The pronoun used in Jin/Yuan-era literature is generally thought to be a fusion of 你們你们 (nǐmen, “you (plural)”) or 你每 (nǐměi, “you (plural)”) (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). Compare (tān, “he, she (polite)”) ( < 他們他们 (tāmen, “they”)).

The honorific usage may simply be a development of the plural usage (Norman, 1988); compare English you, French vous. However, others have argued for a different etymology for the honorific pronoun. Wang (1984) and Lü (1985) argue that it is a contraction of 你老 (“you (honorific for seniors)”): /ni lau//nil//nin/. Alternatively, Zhang (2001) suggests that it comes from (MC ȵiɪn), an honorific used in Buddhist texts from the Han dynasty.

In Cantonese and Hakka, this character is simply read as ; in Teochew, it is read as .

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): nín (nin2)
    (Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄣˊ
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): nei5
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): nei4
  • Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): ni1
  • Min Dong (BUC): nìng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): lín
    (Teochew, Peng'im): le2
  • Wu (Wiktionary): nyin (T3)

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: nín
      • Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄣˊ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: nín
      • Wade–Giles: nin2
      • Yale: nín
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nin
      • Palladius: нинь (ninʹ)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /nin³⁵/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: nei5
      • Yale: néih
      • Cantonese Pinyin: nei5
      • Guangdong Romanization: néi5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /nei̯¹³/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: nei4
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdei²¹/
  • Hakka
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ni1
      • Sinological IPA: /ni⁴⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: nìng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /nˡiŋ⁵³/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lín
      • Tâi-lô: lín
      • Phofsit Daibuun: lien
      • IPA (Xiamen): /lin⁵³/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: le2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lṳ́
      • Sinological IPA (key): /lɯ⁵²/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: nyin (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲɪɲ²³/

Definitions

  1. (polite, honorific, sometimes sarcastic) you (usually singular, may be plural)
  2. (archaic or dialectal) you (plural)
  3. (archaic) thou; you (singular)

Usage notes

  • (honorific you): Some speakers consider 您們您们 (nínmen) to be ungrammatical and use (nín) in both singular and plural contexts.

Synonyms

Compounds

  • 您哪
  • 您老
  • 您納您纳

See also

Standard Mandarin Chinese personal pronouns
PersonSingularPlural
1st ()我們我们 (wǒmen)
inclusive咱們咱们 (zánmen)
2ndmale/indefinite ()你們你们 (nǐmen)
female ()妳們你们 (nǐmen)
deity ()祢們祢们 (nǐmen)
polite (nín)你們你们 (nǐmen)
您們您们 (nínmen)
3rdmale/indefinite ()他們他们 (tāmen)
female ()她們她们 (tāmen)
deity ()祂們祂们 (tāmen)
animal ()牠們它们 (tāmen)
inanimate ()它們它们 (tāmen)

Japanese

Kanji

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

  1. You

Readings

  • Go-on: (ni)
  • Kan-on: (ji)
  • Kun: なんじ (nanji, )なんぢ (nandi, historical); しかり (shikari, 您り); その (sono, 您の); のみ (nomi, )

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Nôm readings: nâm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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