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单词 性
释义

性

性 U+6027, 性
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6027
← 怦
[U+6026]		CJK Unified Ideographs怨 →
[U+6028]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

性 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 心竹手一 (PHQM), four-corner 95010, composition ⿰忄生)

Derived characters

  • 𠶞

References

  • KangXi: page 381, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10478
  • Dae Jaweon: page 710, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2286, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6027

Chinese

simp. and trad.
性

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (生) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
猜*sʰlɯː
輤*sʰleːns
綪*sʰleːns, *ʔsreːŋ
倩*sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs
棈*sʰleːns
蒨*sʰeːns
篟*sʰeːns
生*sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs
牲*sreŋ
笙*sreŋ
甥*sreŋ
鉎*sreŋ, *sleːŋ
珄*sreŋ
鼪*sreŋ, *sreŋs
猩*sreŋ, *seːŋ
狌*sreŋ
眚*sreŋʔ
貹*sreŋs
崝*zreːŋ
精*ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs
菁*ʔsleŋ
鶄*ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
蜻*ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
鼱*ʔsleŋ
婧*ʔsleŋ, *zleŋs, *zleŋʔ
睛*ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ
箐*ʔsleŋ
聙*ʔsleŋ
旌*ʔsleŋ
清*sʰleŋ
圊*sʰleŋ
請*sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ
凊*sʰleŋs
䝼*zleŋs, *zleŋ
靚*zleŋs
情*zleŋ
晴*zleŋ
夝*zleŋ
靜*zleŋʔ
靖*zleŋʔ
睲*seŋʔ, *seːŋs
惺*seŋʔ, *seːŋ
性*sleŋs
姓*sleŋs
靗*l̥ʰeŋs
鯖*ʔljeŋ, *sʰleːŋ
青*sʰleːŋ
靘*sʰleːŋ, *sʰleːŋs
掅*sʰleːŋs
胜*sleːŋ
曐*sleːŋ
星*sleːŋ
鮏*sleːŋ
腥*seːŋ, *seːŋs
鯹*seːŋ
醒*seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs
篂*seːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sleŋs) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs) – nature, personal quality, hence of the heart.

Etymology

Derived from 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “to live; to be born; innate”).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): xìng (xing4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄥˋ
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): sing3
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhen1
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): sin
    (Meixian, Guangdong): xin4
  • Min Bei (KCR): sia̿ng
  • Min Dong (BUC): sáng / séng
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): sèng / sìⁿ / sèⁿ
    (Teochew, Peng'im): sên3 / sin3
  • Wu (Wiktionary): xin (T2)
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: xìng
      • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄥˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: sìng
      • Wade–Giles: hsing4
      • Yale: syìng
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinq
      • Palladius: син (sin)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiŋ⁵¹/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: sing3
      • Yale: sing
      • Cantonese Pinyin: sing3
      • Guangdong Romanization: xing3
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sɪŋ³³/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: lhen1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɬen³³/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sin
      • Hakka Romanization System: xin
      • Hagfa Pinyim: xin4
      • Sinological IPA: /ɕin⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: xin4
      • Sinological IPA: /ɕin⁵³/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sia̿ng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /siaŋ³³/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: sáng / séng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sɑŋ²¹³/, /sɛiŋ²¹³/
Note:
  • sáng - colloquial;
  • séng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sèng
      • Tâi-lô: sìng
      • Phofsit Daibuun: sexng
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /ɕiɪŋ²¹/
      • IPA (Taipei): /ɕiɪŋ¹¹/
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɕiɪŋ⁴¹/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sìⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: sìnn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: svix
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɕĩ⁴¹/
      • IPA (Taipei): /ɕĩ¹¹/
      • IPA (Xiamen): /ɕĩ²¹/
      • IPA (Lukang): /ɕĩ³¹/
      • IPA (Kinmen): /ɕĩ¹²/
    • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sèⁿ
      • Tâi-lô: sènn
      • Phofsit Daibuun: svex
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ̃²¹/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /sẽ²¹/
Note:
  • sèng - literary;
  • sìⁿ/sèⁿ - vernacular (limited, e.g. 性命).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: sên3 / sin3
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sèⁿ / sìⁿ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /sẽ²¹³/, /sĩ²¹³/
Note: sin3 - limited, used in 慣性.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: xin (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɕɪɲ³⁴/
  • Middle Chinese: /siᴇŋH/
Rime
Character性
Reading #1/1
Initial (聲)心 (16)
Final (韻)清 (121)
Tone (調)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie息正切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/siᴇŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		/siɛŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		/siæŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/siajŋH/
Li
Rong		/siɛŋH/
Wang
Li		/sĭɛŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		/si̯ɛŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		xìng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		sing3
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*seŋ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*sleŋs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character性
Reading #1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		xìng
Middle
Chinese		‹ sjengH ›
Old
Chinese		/*seŋ-s/
Englishnature

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character性
Reading #1/1
No.11358
Phonetic
component		生
Rime
group		耕
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		性
Old
Chinese		/*sleŋs/

Definitions

性

  1. nature; character; personality
    • 天命之謂性。率性之謂道。修道之謂教。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      天命之谓性。率性之谓道。修道之谓教。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
      Tiānmìng zhī wèi xìng. Shuàixìng zhī wèi dào. Xiūdào zhī wèi jiào. [Pinyin]
      What Heaven has ordained is called The Nature; an accordance with this nature is called The Path (of Duty); the cultivation of this path is called Instruction.
  2. sex; gender
  3. (grammar) gender
  4. sexual intercourse
  5. -ness; -ity (suffix forming nouns and adjectives, denoting qualities)

Compounds

Derived terms from 性

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (性):
  • → Japanese: 性(せい) (sei); 性(しょう) (shō)
  • → Korean: 성(性) (seong)
  • → Vietnamese: tính (性)

Others:

  • → Tangut: 𗵤 (/*sjij¹/)

References

  • “性”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學／香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

性

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. one's nature
  2. characteristic
  3. sex, gender
  4. content

Readings

  • Go-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)←しやう (syau, historical)
  • Kan-on: せい (sei, Jōyō)
  • Kun: さが (saga, 性); なりくせ (narikuse, 性)
  • Nanori: なり (nari); もと (moto)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 間(かん)性(せい) (kansei): intersex
  • 両(りょう)性(せい)説(せつ) (ryōseisetsu)
  • 性(せい)愛(あい) (seiai): eros
  • 性(せい)交(こう) (seikō): sexual intercourse
  • 性(せい)行(こう) (seikō): character and conduct
  • 性(せい)同(どう)一(いつ)性(せい) (sei dōitsusei): gender identity
  • 性(しょう)分(ぶん) (shōbun)
  • 性(せい)善(ぜん)説(せつ) (seizensetsu)
  • 男(だん)性(せい) (dansei): male
  • 同(どう)一(いつ)性(せい) (dōitsusei): identity
  • 性(せい)急(きゅう) (seikyū)
  • 性(せい)悪(あく)説(せつ) (seiakusetsu)
  • 性(せい)情(じょう) (seijō)
  • 中(ちゅう)性(せい) (chūsei)
  • 性(せい)格(かく) (seikaku)
  • 性(せい)癖(へき) (seiheki)
  • 性(せい)別(べつ) (seibetsu): sex, gender
  • 性(せい)能(のう) (seinō)
  • 悪(あく)性(せい) (akusei)
  • 性(せい)質(しつ) (seishitsu)
  • 性(せい)転(てん)換(かん) (seitenkan): gender reassignment
  • 女(じょ)性(せい) (josei), 女(にょ)性(しょう) (nyoshō): female
  • 油(ゆ)性(せい) (yusei): oiliness; oil-based

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
性
しょう
Grade: 5
goon

From Middle Chinese 性 (MC siᴇŋH, “nature of something, inherent quality”).

The goon, so the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Goon
    • (Tokyo) しょ​ー [shóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
    • IPA(key): [ɕo̞ː]

Noun

性(しょう) • (shō) ←しやう (syau)?

  1. the nature of something

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
性
せい
Grade: 5
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 性 (MC siᴇŋH, “nature of something, inherent quality”).

The kan'on, so a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • (Tokyo) せ​ー [séꜜè] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
    • IPA(key): [se̞ː]

Noun

性(せい) • (sei) 

  1. sex, gender
  2. (grammar) gender
Synonyms
  • 性(せい)別(べつ) (seibetsu)

Suffix

性(せい) • (-sei) 

  1. -ity, -ness, the nature of quality or something
See also
  • らしさ (rashisa)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
性
さが
Grade: 5
kun’yomi

Probably from Old Japanese, although the ultimate derivation is unknown. Appears in The Tale of Genji and The Tales of Ise of the Heian period.[3]

Alternative forms

  • 相

Pronunciation

  • Kun’yomi
    • (Tokyo) さ​が [sáꜜgà] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
    • IPA(key): [sa̠ɡa̠]

Noun

性(さが) • (saga) 

  1. one's nature
  2. characteristic
Synonyms
  • 本(ほん)能(のう) (honnō)

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  3. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean

Hanja

性 (eumhun 성품 성 (seongpum seong))

  1. Hanja form? of 성 (“nature; character; sex”).
  2. Hanja form? of 성 (“-ness; -ity (suffix forming nouns and adjectives, denoting qualities)”).

Vietnamese

Han character

性: Hán Nôm readings: tính, dính, tánh

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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