必
See also: 心
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Translingual
Stroke order (Taiwan) | |||
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Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Han character
必 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 心竹 (PH), four-corner 33000, composition ⿻心丿)
Derived characters
- 佖 咇 𪣊 妼 𢁽 怭 㧙 泌 𨸼 柲 珌 䏟 祕 䀣 𥑖 秘 袐 䎵 䖩 䛑 䟤 鉍(铋) 䩛 䪐 飶(𫗣) 馝 駜 𩨲 𪬤 鮅(𫚑)
- 𢖮 𨒜 𣭈 䫾(𫠈) 𠛡 𠨘 邲 覕 鴓 宓 苾 毖 瑟 𫵘 𤵘 虙 𠚊 𠰣 𡊭 𡶇 𢗺 𤽣 𥁑 閟(𮤲) 㘠
References
- KangXi: page 375, character 2
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10299
- Dae Jaweon: page 701, character 4
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2267, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5FC5
Chinese
simp. and trad. | 必 |
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Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 必 | ||
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Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (必) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Old Chinese | |
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泌 | *mpriɡs, *priɡ, *bliɡ |
秘 | *mpriɡs |
毖 | *priɡs |
閟 | *priɡs |
柲 | *priɡs, *bliːɡ, *priɡ, *bliɡ |
鉍 | *priɡs, *priɡ |
邲 | *priɡs, *bliɡ, *briɡ |
覕 | *pliŋs, *mbliːɡ |
咇 | *bliːɡ, *priɡ, *bliɡ |
苾 | *bliːɡ, *bliɡ |
馝 | *bliːɡ, *bliɡ |
飶 | *bliːɡ, *bliɡ |
鴓 | *mbliːɡ |
鮅 | *pliɡ, *bliɡ |
必 | *pliɡ |
珌 | *pliɡ |
佖 | *bliɡ, *briɡ |
駜 | *bliɡ, *briɡ |
怭 | *bliɡ |
妼 | *bliɡ |
宓 | *mriɡ, *mliɡ |
樒 | *mriɡ |
密 | *mriɡ |
蔤 | *mriɡ |
滵 | *mriɡ |
蜜 | *mliɡ |
謐 | *mliɡ |
榓 | *mliɡ |
淧 | *mliɡ |
瑟 | *smriɡ, *smriɡ |
璱 | *sriɡ |
飋 | *sriɡ |
虙 | *blɯɡ |
Likely a pictogram (象形) – weapon handle made of bamboo strips; the original character for 柲 (OC *priɡs, *bliːɡ, *priɡ, *bliɡ). The character was phonetically borrowed for the senses of "certainly" and "must".
Unrelated to 心, as bronze script makes clear, but in current form very similar.
Etymology
Unclear (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
Definitions
必
- surely; most certainly; always; invariably
- 小大之獄,雖不能察,必以情。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Xiǎodà zhī yù, suī bù néng chá, bì yǐ qíng. [Pinyin]
- As for legal trials petty or serious, even if I could not judge with perfect justice, I always decide according to the facts.
小大之狱,虽不能察,必以情。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- must; have to; shall
- 王曰:「雖然,必告不穀。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Wáng yuē: “Suīrán, bì gào bùgǔ.” [Pinyin]
- "Nevertheless, you have to tell me," said the king.
王曰:“虽然,必告不谷。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 耶和華神對蛇說,你既作了這事,就必受咒詛,比一切的牲畜野獸更甚。你必用肚子行走,終身吃土。 [MSC, trad.]
- Yēhéhuá shén duì shé shuō, nǐ jì zuò le zhè shì, jiù bì shòu zhòuzǔ, bǐ yīqiè de shēngchù yěshòu gèng shèn. Nǐ bì yòng dùzi xíngzǒu, zhōngshēn chī tǔ. [Pinyin]
- And the LORD God said unto the serpent, Because thou hast done this, thou art cursed [must receive a curse] above all cattle, and above every beast of the field; upon thy belly shalt thou go [you must use your belly to go], and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life.
耶和华神对蛇说,你既作了这事,就必受咒诅,比一切的牲畜野兽更甚。你必用肚子行走,终身吃土。 [MSC, simp.]
- (literary) conjunction indicating the condition of a concession or exception, especially a hypothetical or implied one
- 子曰:「君子無所爭,必也射乎!揖讓而升,下而飲,其爭也君子。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐyuē: “Jūnzǐ wú suǒ zhēng, bì yě shè hū! Yīràng ér shēng, xià ér yìn, qí zhēng yě jūnzǐ.” [Pinyin]
- The Master said, "The student of virtue has no contentions. If it be said he cannot avoid them, shall this be in archery? But he bows complaisantly to his competitors; thus he ascends the hall, descends, and exacts the forfeit of drinking. In his contention, he is still the Junzi."
子曰:“君子无所争,必也射乎!揖让而升,下而饮,其争也君子。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 必不得已而去,於斯三者何先? [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Bì bùdéyǐ ér qù, yú sī sānzhě hé xiān? [Pinyin]
- If it cannot be helped, and one of these must be dispensed with, which of the three should be foregone first?
必不得已而去,于斯三者何先? [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (Min Nan) (of skin) to chap
- (Hakka, Min Nan) to crack
Compounds
Derived terms from 必
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Descendants
Sino-Xenic (必):
- → Japanese: 必 (hitsu)
- → Korean: 필(必) (pil)
- → Vietnamese: tất (必)
Japanese
Kanji
必
(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)
- inevitably, certainly
Readings
- Go-on: ひち (hichi)
- Kan-on: ひつ (hitsu, Jōyō)
- Kun: かならず (kanarazu, 必ず, Jōyō)
- Nanori: さだ (sada); さだむ (sadamu)
Compounds
- 必ず (kanarazu, “necessarily, certainly”)
- 必ずしも (kanarazushimo, “not always”)
- 必携 (hikkei, “handbook, manual”)
- 必死 (hisshi, “frantic, desperate”)
- 必需 (hitsushu, “necessary”)
- 必需品 (hitsushuhin, “necessities”)
- 必殺 (hissatsu, “definite kill”)
- 必修 (hisshū, “required (subject)”)
- 必勝 (hisshō, “certain victory”)
- 必須 (hissu, “indispensable, required”)
- 必須条件 (hissu shōken, “essential condition”)
- 必然 (hitsuzen, “inevitable, necessary”)
- 必然的 (hitsuzenteki, “inevitable, necessary”)
- 必着 (hitchaku, “must arrive”)
- 必読 (hitsutoku, “should be read by all”)
- 必要 (hitsuyō, “necessity, need”)
- 必要性 (hitsuyōsei, “necessity”)
- 必読書 (hitsudokusho, “required reading”)
- 不必要 (fuhitsuyō, “unnecessary”)
- 必死になって (hisshi ni natte, “desperately”)
- 必見 (hikken, “a must-see”)
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 必 (MC piɪt̚).
Historical readings |
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Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pʰiɭ]
- Phonetic hangul: [필]
Hanja
Wikisource必 (eumhun 반드시 필 (bandeusi pil))
- Hanja form? of 필 (“surely; certainly; without fail”).
Compounds
Compounds
- 필요 (必要, piryo)
- 필수 (必須, pilsu)
- 필승 (必勝, pilseung)
- 필연 (必然, piryeon)
- 필수 (必修, pilsu)
- 기필 (期必, gipil)
- 필시 (必是, pilsi)
- 필사 (必死, pilsa)
- 필패 (必敗, pilpae)
- 필독 (必讀, pildok)
- 필지 (必至, pilji)
- 불필 (不必, bulpil)
- 필살 (必殺, pilsal)
- 필연 (必然, piryeon)
- 필득 (必得, pildeuk)
- 필용 (必用, piryong)
- 필위 (必爲, pirwi)
- 필정 (必定, piljeong)
- 필중 (必中, piljung)
- 필지 (必知, pilji)
- 필착 (必着, pilchak)
- 필멸 (必滅, pilmyeol)
- 필벌 (必罰, pilbeol)
- 하필 (何必, hapil)
- 필멸 (必滅, pilmyeol)
- 생필품 (生必品, saengpilpum)
- 미가필 (未可必, migapil)
- 필요악 (必要惡, piryoak)
- 불필요 (不必要, bulpiryo)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
必: Hán Nôm readings: tất, ắt
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