心
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Translingual
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Alternative forms
- 忄 (when used as a left Chinese radical)
- 㣺 (sometimes found as a bottom Chinese radical in characters such as 慕)
Han character
心 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 心 (P), four-corner 33000, composition ⿲丿⿺乚丶丶 or ⿲丿⿺㇃丶丶)
- Kangxi radical #61, ⼼.
Usage notes
When written as a bottom radical, 心 is similar to 灬 (fire radical) but is distinguished by the second stroke from the left being longer, passing under the third stroke.
Derived characters
- Appendix:Chinese radical/心
- 伈, 𠖶, 吣, 𡉾, 𡚿, 抋, 沁, 𣅵, 𦙦, 杺, 𤆸, 𬌓, 𪻒, 𥘚, 𥹀, 𥿂, 𬚲, 𠴤, 𫴭, 訫, 𧺨, 𨊳, 𨠉, 鈊, 𪶚, 𩵽, 𩾽
- 吢, 𬐘, 𠓣, 孞, 𫲽, 芯, 𬅟, 𬌔, 𥥁, 𡧫, 𬜫, 𬔰, 窓, 𩂈, 𦵃, 𮪾, 𠼿, 𥯱, 𧃅, 𧀱, 𧂡, 𥌷, 𧮗, 𫻪, 𠪾, 𤵂, 𤻮, 虑, 𧆹, 闷, 𨶡
- 徳, 聴, 𠍴, 𠎝, 䧭, 䏋
Further reading
- KangXi: page 375, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10295
- Dae Jaweon: page 700, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2267, character 1
- Unihan data for U+5FC3
Chinese
simp. and trad. | 心 |
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Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 心 | |||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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沁 | *sʰlɯms |
吣 | *sʰlɯms |
心 | *slɯm |
杺 | *slɯm |
伈 | *slɯmʔ |
Pictogram (象形) – a heart, now highly stylized.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s(j)am-s.
Pronunciation
Definitions
心
- heart (Classifier: 顆/颗 m; 個/个 c; 粒 mn)
- mind
- thought; idea
- intention
- center; core
- (~宿) (Chinese astronomy) Heart mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)
- Synonyms: 商 (shāng), 辰 (chén)
Compounds
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Descendants
- → Japanese: 心 (shin)
- → Korean: 심(心) (sim)
- → Vietnamese: tâm (心)
Others:
- → Vietnamese: tim (“heart”)
- → Zhuang: sim
Japanese
Kanji
(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)←しん (sin, historical)←しむ (simu, ancient)
- Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)←しん (sin, historical)←しむ (simu, ancient)
- Kun: こころ (kokoro, 心, Jōyō); うら (ura, 心)
- Nanori: うち (uchi); きよ (kiyo); ご (go); ごり (gori); さね (sane); なか (naka); まこと (makoto); み (mi); むね (mune); もと (moto)
Compounds
- 心算 (tsumori)
- 稈心 (migo)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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心 |
こころ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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情 (rare) 意 (rare) |
⟨ko2ko2ro2⟩ → */kəkərə/ → /kokoro/
From Old Japanese 心 (ko2ko2ro2), ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kəkərə. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
Compare Okinawan 心 (kukuru).
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) こころ [kòkóróꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[2][3]
- (Tokyo) こころ [kòkóꜜrò] (Nakadaka – [2])[2][3]
- IPA(key): [ko̞ko̞ɾo̞]
Audio (file)
Noun
心 • (kokoro)
- mind, heart, spirit, soul; thoughts, ideas
- 2007 March 16, CLAMP, “Chapitre.134 唯一の存在 [Chapitre 134: The Only One]”, in ツバサ RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE [Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle], volume 18 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, pages 31–32:
- ‥‥それでも行きます 小狼君の心を取り戻す為に
- ‥‥Sore demo ikimasu Shaoran-kun no kokoro o torimodosu tame ni
- …Even so, I will go on, to get back Xiaolang-kun’s heart
- ‥‥それでも行きます 小狼君の心を取り戻す為に
- 心の底から ― kokoro no soko kara ― from the bottom of one's heart
- 人の心を奪う ― hito no kokoro o ubau ― to steal someone's heart → to captivate someone
-
- attention, mind, interest
- 心ここにあらず ― kokoro koko ni arazu ― absent minded
- heart, feelings, emotion, emotional state
- 心温まる風景 ― kokoro atatamaru fūkei ― a heart warming situation
- wholeheartedness, sincerity, true heart
- 心のこもっていない ― kokoro no komotteinai ― not sincere
- 心のこもった ― kokoro no komotta ― sincere
- 心なき仕業 ― kokoro naki shiwaza ― cruel deed
- sympathy, heart, consideration, generous disposition
- 心がない ― kokoro ga nai ― lacking sympathy and consideration
- a meaning, essence
- その心が分かっていない ― sono kokoro ga wakatteinai ― not understanding what it really means
- an answer (to a riddle, etc.)
- その心は ― sono kokoro wa ― the answer is
- the heart as an organ in the body
- Synonym: 心臓 (shinzō)
- the chest
- Synonym: 胸 (mune)
- the title of a book
- Synonym: 書名 (shomei)
Derived terms
- 心心 (kokorogokoro)
- 心する (kokorosuru)
- 心から (kokoro kara)
- 心当たり (kokoroatari)
- 心意気 (kokoroiki)
- 心得る (kokoroeru)
- 心掛ける (kokorogakeru)
- 心構え (kokorogamae)
- 心変わり (kokorogawari)
- 志す (kokorozasu)
- 心遣い (kokorozukai)
- 心尽くし (kokorozukushi)
- 心付け (kokorozuke)
- 心強い (kokorozuyoi)
- 心残り (kokoronokori)
- 心太 (tokoroten)
- 心細い (kokorobosoi)
- 心待ち (kokoromachi)
- 試みる (kokoromiru)
- 心持ち (kokoromochi)
- 心地 (kokochi)
- 心許ない (kokoromotonai)
- 心行く (kokoroyuku)
- 快い (kokoroyoi)
- 漢心 (Kara-gokoro)
- 気心 (kigokoro)
- 恋心 (koigokoro)
- 子供心 (kodomogokoro)
- 静心 (shizugokoro)
- 掌 (tanagokoro)
- 真心 (magokoro)
- 物心 (monogokoro)
- 大和心 (Yamato-gokoro)
Idioms
- 心を動かす (kokoro o ugokasu)
- 心を配る (kokoro o kubaru)
Proper noun
心 • (Kokoro)
- a female given name
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
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心 |
うら Grade: 2 |
irregular |
From Old Japanese.
Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) うら [ùráꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
- IPA(key): [ɯ̟ᵝɾa̠]
Noun
心 • (ura)
- a heart, inner feelings
Derived terms
- 占, 卜 (ura)
- 心もなし (ura mo nashi)
Prefix
心 • (ura-)
- expresses heartfelt feeling
Derived terms
- 心寂しい, 心淋しい (urasabishii)
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
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心 |
しん Grade: 2 |
on’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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芯 (center) |
/simʉ/ → */ɕimʉ/ → /ɕiɴ/
From Middle Chinese 心 (MC siɪm).
The Buddhist sense is a translation of Pali and Sanskrit चित्त (citta).
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) しん [shíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
- IPA(key): [ɕĩɴ]
Noun
心 • (shin)
- a heart, mind, core
- a spirit, vitality
- inner strength, marrow
- the center of something:
- 心, 芯: the core (for example, of a fruit)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
- 心, 芯: a wick
- (Buddhism) citta: the ego or spirit
- Synonyms: 主観 (shukan), 精神 (seishin)
- Antonym: 色 (shiki)
- (Buddhism) Short for 心王 (shinnō): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
. - the heart as an organ in the body
- lead (as of a pencil)
- padding
- a companion, fellow
- Synonyms: 友達 (tomodachi), 仲間 (nakama)
- the center of focus:
- the important part
- Synonym: 主脳 (shunō)
- (theater) Alternative spelling of 真 (shin): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
- the important part
- a basis, foundation
- Synonyms: 基礎 (kiso), 根拠 (konkyo)
Affix
心 • (shin)
- Short for 心臓 (shinzō): heart as an organ in the body
- Short for 心頭 (shintō): heart, mind, spirit
- Short for 中心 (chūshin): center, middle
Proper noun
心 • (Shin)
- (Chinese astronomy) the Heart constellation, one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions
- Synonyms: 商星 (Shōsei), 心宿 (Shinshuku), 中子星 (Nakagoboshi)
- a male or female given name
- a surname
Derived terms
- 心意 (shin'i)
- 心音 (shin'on)
- 心外 (shingai)
- 心肝 (shinkan)
- 心眼 (shingan)
- 心願 (shingan)
- 心機 (shinki)
- 心気 (shinki)
- 心境 (shinkyō)
- 心筋 (shinkin)
- 心中 (shinjū)
- 心情 (shinjō)
- 心身 (shinshin)
- 心酔 (shinsui)
- 心臓 (shinzō)
- 心痛 (shintsū)
- 心配 (shinpai)
- 心理 (shinri)
- 心労 (shinrō)
- 心から (shin kara)
- 安心 (anshin)
- 一心 (isshin)
- 遠心 (enshin)
- 会心 (kaishin)
- 戒心 (kaishin)
- 外心 (gaishin)
- 核心 (kakushin)
- 感心 (kanshin)
- 関心 (kanshin)
- 肝心 (kanjin)
- 求心 (kyūshin)
- 虚心 (kyoshin)
- 疑心 (gishin)
- 苦心 (kushin)
- 決心 (kesshin)
- 孝心 (kōshin)
- 細心 (saishin)
- 初心 (shoshin)
- 小心 (shōshin)
- 焦心 (shōshin)
- 執心 (shūshin)
- 衷心 (shūshin)
- 中心 (shūshin)
- 重心 (jūshin)
- 人心 (jinshin)
- 都心 (toshin)
- 童心 (dōshin)
- 灯心 (tōshin)
- 内心 (naishin)
- 熱心 (nesshin)
- 腹心 (fukushin)
- 腐心 (fushin)
- 本心 (honshin)
- 無心 (mushin)
- 野心 (yashin)
- 用心, 要心 (yōjin)
- 良心 (ryōshin)
- 炉心 (roshin)
- 心電図 (shindenzu)
- 心不全 (shinfuzen)
- 心臓病 (shinsōbyō)
- 狭心症 (kyōshinshō)
- 虚栄心 (kyoeishin)
- 好奇心 (kōkishin)
- 脂肪心 (shibōshin)
- 汎心論 (hanshinron)
- 心神耗弱 (shinshin-mōjaku)
- 以心伝心 (ishin-denshin)
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 心 (MC siɪm).
Historical Readings | ||
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Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 심 (Yale: sìm) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 | ᄆᆞᅀᆞᆷ (Yale: mòzòm) | 심 (Yale: sìm) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɕʰim]
- Phonetic hangul: [심]
Hanja
Wikisource心 (eumhun 마음 심 (ma'eum sim))
- Hanja form? of 심 (“heart; feeling; emotion”).
Compounds
- 심경 (心經, simgyeong)
- 심리 (心理, simni)
- 심방 (心房, simbang)
- 심성 (心性, simseong)
- 심실 (心室, simsil)
- 심안 (心眼, siman)
- 심장 (心臟, simjang)
- 심정 (心情, simjeong)
- 심혈 (心血, simhyeol)
- 개심 (改心, gaesim)
- 결심 (決心, gyeolsim)
- 관심 (關心, gwansim)
- 구심 (球心, gusim)
- 내심 (內心, naesim)
- 도심 (都心, dosim)
- 동심 (同心, dongsim)
- 등심 (燈心, deungsim)
- 방심 (傍心, bangsim)
- 방심 (放心, bangsim)
- 성심 (誠心, seongsim)
- 수심 (垂心, susim)
- 안심 (安心, ansim)
- 야심 (野心, yasim)
- 양심 (良心, yangsim)
- 열심 (熱心, yeolsim)
- 외심 (外心, oesim)
- 욕심 (慾心, yoksim)
- 욕심 (欲心, yoksim)
- 의심 (疑心, uisim)
- 이심 (二心, isim)
- 점심 (點心, jeomsim)
- 조심 (操心, josim)
- 중심 (中心, jungsim)
- 진심 (眞心, jinsim)
- 충심 (衷心, chungsim)
- 한심 (寒心, hansim)
- 핵심 (核心, haeksim)
- 심전계 (心電計, simjeon'gye)
- 독심술 (讀心術, doksimsul)
- 원심력 (遠心力, wonsimnyeok)
- 유심론 (唯心論, yusimnon)
- 초심자 (初心者, chosimja)
- 협심증 (狹心症, hyeopsimjeung)
- 동정심 (同情心, dongjeongsim)
- 무관심 (無關心, mugwansim)
- 애국심 (愛國心, aeguksim)
- 자부심 (自負心, jabusim)
- 자존심 (自尊心, jajonsim)
- 허영심 (虛榮心, heoyeongsim)
- 호기심 (好奇心, hogisim)
- 이심전심 (以心傳心, isimjeonsim)
- 일편단심 (一片丹心, ilpyeondansim)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.
Okinawan
Kanji
(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- On: しん (shin)
- Kun: くくる (kukuru, 心); ふくまーみ (fukumāmi)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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心 |
くくる Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Proto-Ryukyuan *kokoro.
Cognate with mainland Japanese 心 (kokoro).
Pronunciation
- (Shuri-Naha) くくる [kùkúrú] (Heiban - [0])
- IPA(key): [kukuɾu]
Noun
心 (hiragana くくる, rōmaji kukuru)
- a heart, mind, spirit
- Synonym: 肝 (chimu)
Derived terms
- 心べーさん (kukurubēsan)
- 心当ち (kukuruachi)
- 心入り (kukuruiri)
- 心覚 (kukuruubi)
- 心掛きゆん (kukurugakiyun)
- 心変わい (kukurugawai)
- 志 (kukuruzashi)
- 心付き (kukuruzuki)
- 試み (kukurumi)
- 心持ち (kukurumuchi)
- 心許なさん (kukurumutsunasan)
- 心安さん (kukuruyassan)
- 片心 (katakukuru)
- 下心 (shichagukuru)
- 肝心 (chimukukuru)
- 詰み心 (tsumigukuru)
- 二心 (futagukuru)
- 真心 (magukuru)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
心 |
ふくまーみ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From 肺 (fuku, “lung”) + 豆 (māmi, “bean”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [fukumāmi]
Noun
心 (hiragana ふくまーみ, rōmaji fukumāmi)
- (anatomy) a heart
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
心 |
しん Grade: 2 |
on’yomi |
Alternative spelling | 芯 |
---|
From Middle Chinese 心 (MC siɪm).
Pronunciation
- (Shuri-Naha) しん [shìn] (Heiban - [0])
- IPA(key): [ɕiɴ]
Noun
心 (hiragana しん, rōmaji shin)
- the center
- 心, 芯: the core
- 芯: a wick
- a heart, mind, spirit
Derived terms
- 心底 (shinchī)
- 心張い (shinbai)
- 心労 (shinrō)
Old Japanese
Compounds
- 田心姫 (Tago2ri-pi1me1)
Etymology 1
From Proto-Japonic *kəkərə.
Noun
心 (ko2ko2ro2) (kana こころ)
- a heart, mind, spirit
- an emotion, feeling
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3466),[1] text here
- 麻可奈思美奴禮婆許登爾豆佐禰奈敝波己許呂乃緖呂爾能里弖可奈思母
- ma-kanasimi1 nureba ko2to2 ni du sanenape1ba ko2ko2ro2 no2 woro2 ni no2rite kanasi mo
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3466),[1] text here
Derived terms
- 吾が心 (aga ko2ko2ro2)
- 二心 (putago2ko2ro2)
Descendants
- Japanese: 心 (kokoro)
Etymology 2
Possibly the eastern dialect form or a misreading of ko2ko2ro2 above.
Noun
心 (ko2ko2ri) (kana ここり)
- (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese) Same as コ乙コ乙ロ乙 (ko2ko2ro2) above
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem 4390), text here
- 牟浪他麻乃久留爾久枳作之加多米等之以母加去去里波阿用久奈米加母
- muratama no2 kuru ni kugi1 sasi katame2to2si imo ka ko2ko2ri pa ayo1ku name2 ka mo
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem 4390), text here
Usage notes
Given this Eastern reflex, some scholars interpret the 里 as ⟨ro2⟩ rather than ⟨ri⟩, thus giving the impression that the term is the same ko2ko2ro2 used in other attestations. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Etymology 3
Cognate with 裏 (ura, “inside”) and 浦 (ura, “inlet”).
Noun
心 (ura) (kana うら)
- heart, inner feelings
Derived terms
- 占, 卜 (ura)
- 心もなし (ura mo nasi)
Descendants
- Japanese: 心 (ura)
Prefix
心 (ura-) (kana うら)
- expresses heartfelt feeling
References
- Satake, Akihiro; Hideo Yamada; Rikio Kudō; Masao Ōtani; Yoshiyuki Yamazaki (c. 759) Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei 3: Man’yōshū 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 2002, →ISBN.
Vietnamese
Han character
心: Hán Việt readings: tâm (
心: Nôm readings: tâm[1][2][4][6], tấm[3][7][4][6], tim[1][3], tăm[1]
- chữ Hán form of tâm (“heart; feeling”).
Compounds
- 心點 (tâm điểm)
- 心理 (tâm lí)
- 心神 (tâm thần)
- 心性 (tâm tính)
- 心狀 (tâm trạng)
- 野心 (dã tâm)
- 點心 (điểm tâm)
- 開心 (khai tâm)
- 良心 (lương tâm)
- 決心 (quyết tâm)
- 重心 (trọng tâm)
- 中心 (trung tâm)
- 直心 (trực tâm)
- 安心 (yên tâm)
- 分心學 (phân tâm học)
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Bonet (1899).
- Génibrel (1898).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
- Hồ (1976).
Zhuang
Noun
心
- Sawndip form of sim (“heart”)