微笑む
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 微 | 笑 |
| Grade: S | え Grade: 4 |
| Irregular | kun’yomi |
Etymology
Compound of 頬 (hoho, “cheek”) + 笑む (emu, “smile”).[1][2][3]
The spelling appears to be an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), based on Chinese 微笑 (literally “slight smile”).
Pronunciation
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) ほほえむ [hòhóéꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
- IPA(key): [ho̞ho̞e̞mɯ̟ᵝ]
Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "微笑む"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 微笑む | ほほえむ | [hòhóéꜜmù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 微笑め | ほほえめ | [hòhóéꜜmè] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 微笑まれる | ほほえまれる | [hòhóémáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 微笑ませる | ほほえませる | [hòhóémáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 微笑める | ほほえめる | [hòhóéméꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 微笑もう | ほほえもー | [hòhóémóꜜò] |
| Negative | 微笑まない | ほほえまない | [hòhóémáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 微笑まなかった | ほほえまなかった | [hòhóémáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 微笑みます | ほほえみます | [hòhóémímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 微笑んだ | ほほえんだ | [hòhóéꜜǹdà] |
| Conjunctive | 微笑んで | ほほえんで | [hòhóéꜜǹdè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 微笑めば | ほほえめば | [hòhóéꜜmèbà] |
Alternative (informal):
- Kun’yomi
- (Tokyo) ほおえむ [hòóéꜜmù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
- IPA(key): [ho̞ːe̞mɯ̟ᵝ]
Alternative forms
- 頬笑む
Verb
微笑む (intransitive, godan conjugation, hiragana ほほえむ, rōmaji hohoemu, historical hiragana ほほゑむ)
- to smile
Conjugation
Conjugation of "微笑む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Imperfective (未然形) | 微笑ま | ほほえま | hohoema |
| Continuative (連用形) | 微笑み | ほほえみ | hohoemi |
| Terminal (終止形) | 微笑む | ほほえむ | hohoemu |
| Attributive (連体形) | 微笑む | ほほえむ | hohoemu |
| Hypothetical (仮定形) | 微笑め | ほほえめ | hohoeme |
| Imperative (命令形) | 微笑め | ほほえめ | hohoeme |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 微笑まれる | ほほえまれる | hohoemareru |
| Causative | 微笑ませる 微笑ます | ほほえませる ほほえます | hohoemaseru hohoemasu |
| Potential | 微笑める | ほほえめる | hohoemeru |
| Volitional | 微笑もう | ほほえもう | hohoemō |
| Negative | 微笑まない | ほほえまない | hohoemanai |
| Negative continuative | 微笑まず | ほほえまず | hohoemazu |
| Formal | 微笑みます | ほほえみます | hohoemimasu |
| Perfective | 微笑んだ | ほほえんだ | hohoenda |
| Conjunctive | 微笑んで | ほほえんで | hohoende |
| Hypothetical conditional | 微笑めば | ほほえめば | hohoemeba |
References
- 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN