復

See also: 复 and 覆

復	U+5FA9, 復 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FA9

← 徨
[U+5FA8]

CJK Unified Ideographs

循 →
[U+5FAA]

復	U+F966, 復 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F966

← 便
[U+F965]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

不 →
[U+F967]

Translingual

Han character

復 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 竹人人日水 (HOOAE), four-corner 2824₇, composition ⿰彳复)

Derived characters

澓㠅蕧覆䨱履癁

References

KangXi: page 369, character 22
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10183
Dae Jaweon: page 695, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 834, character 2
Unihan data for U+5FA9
Unihan data for U+F966

Chinese

trad.		復
simp.		复^*
alternative forms		伏

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 復
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (复) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
愎	*brɯɡ
鍑	puɡs, puɡ
覆	pʰuɡs, buɡs, pʰɯːɡ, pʰuɡ
復	buɡs, buɡ
椱	buɡs, buɡ
複	buɡs, puɡ
馥	brɯɡ, buɡ
腹	*puɡ
輹	puɡ, buɡ
蝮	*pʰuɡ
蕧	pʰuɡ, buɡ
复	*buɡ
鰒	*buɡ
澓	*buɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *buɡs, *buɡ) : semantic 彳 (“walk”) + phonetic 复 (OC *buɡ, “repeat”).

Walk back and forth.

Etymology

Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-p(j)up, whence Tibetan འབུབ་པ ('bub pa, “turned over or upside down”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *pup (“to turn over; to search for”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007).

Within Chinese, cognate with 複 (OC *puɡ, “lined (garment); double”), 覆 (OC *pʰuɡs, “to cover”), 覆 (OC *pʰuɡ, “to turn over”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fù (fu⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fuk⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fu̍k
Min Bei (KCR): hŭ
Min Dong (BUC): hók
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): ho̍k / hok
(Teochew, Peng'im): hog⁸

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fù
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fù
  - Wade–Giles: fu⁴
  - Yale: fù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fuh
  - Palladius: фу (fu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fu⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: fuk⁶
  - Yale: fuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fuk⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fug⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fʊk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fu̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: fug
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /fuk̚⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hŭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hók
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /houʔ²⁴/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ho̍k
  - Tâi-lô: ho̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hok
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔk̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔk̚¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hok
  - Tâi-lô: hok
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hog
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔk̚³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɔk̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hog⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ho̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hok̚⁴/

Middle Chinese: /bɨuk̚/

Rime
Character	復
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	東 (4)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	房六切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/biuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/biuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/buwk̚/
Li Rong	/biuk̚/
Wang Li	/bĭuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fuk⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-p(r)uk/
(Zhengzhang): /*buɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	復
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fù
Middle Chinese	‹ bjuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*m-p(r)uk/
English	return
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	復
Reading #	2/2
No.	3550
Phonetic component	复
Rime group	覺
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	伏
Old Chinese	/*buɡ/

Definitions

復

to return
- 昭王南征而不復。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  昭王南征而不复。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE
  Zhāo Wáng nán zhēng ér bù fù. [Pinyin]
  King Zhao went on an expedition to the south and never returned.
to recover; to resume
康復／康复 ― kāngfù ― to recover from an illness
恢復／恢复 ― huīfù ― to return or restore to a former state
to revenge; to avenge
復仇／复仇 ― fùchóu ― to avenge
to reply
alt. forms: 覆
24th hexagram of the I Ching

Compounds

Derived terms from 復

三復白圭／三复白圭
來復／来复 (láifù)
來復日／来复日
來復槍／来复枪 (láifùqiāng)
來復線／来复线 (láifùxiàn)
修復／修复 (xiūfù)
光復／光复 (guāngfù)
光復會／光复会
光復節／光复节 (Guāngfùjié)
光復舊京／光复旧京
光復舊物／光复旧物 (guāngfùjiùwù)
克己復禮／克己复礼 (kèjǐfùlǐ)
克復／克复 (kèfù)
凱復／凯复
剝極必復／剥极必复
劬勞顧復／劬劳顾复
匡復／匡复 (kuāngfù)
反復／反复 (fǎnfù)
反復不常／反复不常
反復無常／反复无常 (fǎnfùwúcháng)
反清復明／反清复明 (fǎnqīngfùmíng)
反陰復陰／反阴复阴
句踐復國／句践复国
回復／回复 (huífù)
回復青春／回复青春
回爐復帳／回炉复帐
報復／报复 (bàofù)
報復主義／报复主义 (bàofù zhǔyì)
報復關稅／报复关税
奉復／奉复
平復／平复 (píngfù)
平復帖／平复帖
康復／康复 (kāngfù)
康復醫學／康复医学
往復／往复 (wǎngfù)
復三／复三
復交／复交
復仇／复仇 (fùchóu)
復仇雪恥／复仇雪耻

復任／复任
復位／复位 (fùwèi)
復信／复信 (fùxìn)
復健／复健 (fùjiàn)
復健中心／复健中心
復健醫學／复健医学
復元／复元
復冰／复冰
復出／复出 (fùchū)
復刊／复刊 (fùkān)
復勢／复势 (Fùshì)
復卒／复卒
復原／复原 (fùyuán)
復古／复古 (fùgǔ)
復命／复命 (fùmìng)
復員／复员 (fùyuán)
復回／复回 (fùhuí)
復國／复国 (fùguó)
復圓／复圆 (fùyuán)
復土／复土
復姓／复姓 (fùxìng)
復婚／复婚 (fùhūn)
復子明辟／复子明辟
復學／复学 (fùxué)
復工／复工 (fùgōng)
復建／复建 (Fùjiàn)
復役／复役
復思／复思
復政／复政
復新／复新
復旦／复旦 (fùdàn)
復明／复明 (fùmíng)
復書／复书
復案／复案
復業／复业
復權／复权
復氧能力／复氧能力
復源／复源 (Fùyuán)
復盛／复盛 (Fùshèng)

復禮／复礼
復禮克己／复礼克己
復籍／复籍
復習／复习
復聖／复圣
復職／复职 (fùzhí)
復舊／复旧
復舊如新／复旧如新
復蘇／复苏
復讀／复读 (fùdú)
復讎／复雠 (fùchóu)
復蹈其轍／复蹈其辙
復蹈前轍／复蹈前辙
復身／复身
復辟／复辟 (fùbì)
復道／复道
復除／复除
復音／复音
復魄／复魄
恢復／恢复 (huīfù)
恢復室／恢复室
招復／招复
撲復／扑复
收復／收复 (shōufù)
故態復萌／故态复萌 (gùtàifùméng)
文復會／文复会
無復孑遺／无复孑遗
聊復備數／聊复备数
聊復爾爾／聊复尔尔
聊復爾耳／聊复尔耳
興復不淺／兴复不浅
規復／规复 (guīfù)
賜復／赐复
起復／起复
辨復／辨复
返吟復吟／返吟复吟
開復／开复 (kāifù)
雖覆能復／虽覆能复
顧復之恩／顾复之恩

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): fù, fòu (fu⁴, fou⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄈㄨˋ, ㄈㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): fuk⁶, fau⁶
Min Dong (BUC): bô
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hiū
(Teochew, Peng'im): huin³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fù
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fù
  - Wade–Giles: fu⁴
  - Yale: fù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fuh
  - Palladius: фу (fu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fu⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, literary variant in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: fòu
  - Zhuyin: ㄈㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: fòu
  - Wade–Giles: fou⁴
  - Yale: fòu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fow
  - Palladius: фоу (fou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /foʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: fuk⁶, fau⁶
  - Yale: fuhk, fauh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: fuk⁹, fau⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: fug⁶, feo⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /fʊk̚²/, /fɐu̯²²/

Note: fau6 - literary.

Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: bô
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pou²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiū
  - Tâi-lô: hiū
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hiu
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hiu²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hiu⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huin³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hùiⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hũĩ²¹³/

Middle Chinese: /bɨu^H/

Rime
Character	復
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	尤 (136)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	扶富切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bɨu^H/
Pan Wuyun	/biu^H/
Shao Rongfen	/biəu^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/buw^H/
Li Rong	/biu^H/
Wang Li	/bĭəu^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱi̯ə̯u^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	fòu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	fau⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[N]-pruk-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*buɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	復
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	fù
Middle Chinese	‹ bjuw^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[N]-pruk-s/
English	again
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	復
Reading #	1/2
No.	3537
Phonetic component	复
Rime group	奧
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	復
Old Chinese	/*buɡs/

Definitions

復

(literary or Min Dong) again
復發／复发 ― fùfā ― to relapse; to recur
死灰復燃／死灰复燃 ― sǐhuīfùrán ― to resurge (literally, “dead embers relight”)
雨逿一匝復逿一匝 [Min Dong, trad.]
雨𰺲一匝复𰺲一匝 [Min Dong, simp.]
From: 2002, 李榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代漢語方言大詞典》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 890
huô dâung siŏh cák bô dâung siŏh cák / [huɔ²⁴² tɑuŋ²⁴² suoʔ⁵ t͡sɑʔ²⁴ pou²⁴² tɑuŋ²⁴² suoʔ⁵ t͡sɑʔ²⁴] [Bàng-uâ-cê / IPA]
It rains again and again
- 初極狹，才通人。復行數十步，豁然開朗。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  初极狭，才通人。复行数十步，豁然开朗。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 421, Tao Yuanming, 桃花源 (The Peach Blossom Spring)
  Chū jí xiá, cái tōng rén. Fù xíng shù shí bù, huòrán kāilǎng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
- 返景入深林，復照青苔上。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  返景入深林，复照青苔上。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 8th century, Wang Wei, 鹿柴
  Fǎnyǐng rù shēnlín, fù zhào qīngtái shàng. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 又 (“again; once more”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		又
Mandarin	Beijing	又
	Taiwan	又
	Jinan	又
	Xi'an	又
	Wuhan	又
	Chengdu	又
	Guilin	又
	Yangzhou	又
	Hefei	又
Cantonese	Guangzhou	又, 又試
	Hong Kong	又, 又試
	Yangjiang	又
Gan	Nanchang	又
Hakka	Meixian	又
Jin	Taiyuan	又
Min Bei	Jian'ou	又, 已
Min Dong	Fuzhou	復
Min Nan	Xiamen	閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣
	Quanzhou	閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣
	Zhangzhou	閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣
	Taipei	閣 GT, 閣再 GT, 又閣 GT
	Singapore (Hokkien)	閣, 閣再, 又閣
	Manila (Hokkien)	閣, 閣再
	Chaozhou	又, 又再
	Shantou	又
Wu	Suzhou	亦
Wu	Wenzhou	亦
Xiang	Changsha	又
Xiang	Shuangfeng	又
Note	GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

Compounds

一元復始／一元复始 (yīyuánfùshǐ)
三復／三复
三復斯言／三复斯言
三番四復／三番四复
不復／不复 (bùfù)
仍復／仍复
周而復始／周而复始 (zhōu'érfùshǐ)
失而復得／失而复得 (shī'érfùdé)
年復一年／年复一年 (niánfùyīnián)
得而復失／得而复失 (dé'érfùshī)
復次／复次
復活／复活 (fùhuó)
復活節／复活节 (Fùhuójié)
復生／复生 (fùshēng)

復甦／复苏 (fùsū)
復甦期／复苏期
復發／复发 (fùfā)
復興／复兴 (fùxīng)
復興基地／复兴基地
復興崗／复兴岗
復醒／复醒
敗部復活／败部复活
文藝復興／文艺复兴 (Wényì Fùxīng)
日復一日／日复一日 (rìfùyīrì)
更復／更复
死灰復然／死灰复然
死灰復燃／死灰复燃 (sǐhuīfùrán)

死灰復燎／死灰复燎
死而復生／死而复生 (sǐ'ér fùshēng)
死而復甦／死而复苏
無以復加／无以复加 (wúyǐfùjiā)
終而復始／终而复始
舊念復萌／旧念复萌
舊態復萌／旧态复萌
舊疾復發／旧疾复发
舍我復誰／舍我复谁
萬劫不復／万劫不复 (wànjiébùfù)
行復／行复
餘燼復然／余烬复然
髀肉復生／髀肉复生 (bìròufùshēng)

References

“復”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

復

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

restore
return to
revert
resume

Readings

Go-on: ぶく (buku)
Kan-on: ふく (fuku, Jōyō)
Kun: かえる (kaeru, 復る); かえす (kaesu, 復す); また (mata, 復)

Definitions

Kanji in this term
復
また Grade: 5
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 復 – see the following entry.

【また】	[adverb] again, as well [conjunction] and, also Alternative spellings 又, 亦, 復, 也

(This term, 復, is an alternative (literary) spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 復 (MC bɨuk̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	뽁〮 (Yale: ppwók)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	도로 (Yale: twolwo)	복 (Yale: pwok)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [po̞k̚]
Phonetic hangul: [복]

Hanja

Wikisource復 (eumhun 돌아올 복 (doraol bok))

Hanja form^? of 복 (“return”).

Compounds

광복 (光復, gwangbok)
반복 (反復, banbok)
복각 (復刻, bokgak)
복간 (復刊, bokgan)
복구 (復舊, bokgu)
복권 (復權, bokgwon)
복수 (復讐, boksu)
복습 (復習, bokseup)
복원 (復元/復原, bogwon)
복직 (復職, bokjik)
복항 (復航, bokhang)
회복 (回復, hoebok)
복창 (復唱, bokchang)
복속 (復屬, boksok)
복학 (復學, bokhak)
보복 (報復, bobok)
복귀 (復歸, bokgwi)
복고 (復古, bokgo)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 復 (MC bɨu^H).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	뿌ᇢ〮 (Yale: ppwúw)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	다시 (Yale: tasi)	부 (Yale: pwu)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [pu(ː)]
Phonetic hangul: [부(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

復 (eumhun 다시 부 (dasi bu))

Hanja form^? of 부 (“again”).

Compounds

부흥 (復興, buheung)
부활 (復活, buhwal)
부활절 (復活節, Buhwaljeol)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

復: Hán Nôm readings: phục, phức, Phục

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