得
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Translingual
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Han character
得 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 竹人日一戈 (HOAMI), four-corner 26241, composition ⿰彳㝵)
Derived characters
- 𫣓, 嘚, 𡐙, 𪮦, 𬈫, 𣘱, 𬋂, 𥊤, 𥕣, 𮔹, 𤹬, 𭏢
Further reading
- KangXi: page 367, character 31
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10137
- Dae Jaweon: page 691, character 16
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 828, character 3
- Unihan data for U+5F97
Chinese
simp. and trad. | 得 | |
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2nd round simp. | 𬁟 | |
alternative forms | 㝵 𠭁 𧴫 䙷 㝶 |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 得 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | |
Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
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Old Chinese | |
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得 | *tɯːɡ |
淂 | *tɯːɡ |
棏 | *dɯːɡ, *rtɯːɡ |
Ideogrammic compound (會意) . The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road.
In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script:
- a horizontal line was added to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸.
In the Shuowen seal script:
- the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script.
In the clerical script:
- the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it.
Etymology
Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation 1
Definitions
得
- to get; to obtain; to gain, to acquire
- 我得了亞軍。/我得了亚军。 ― Wǒ dé le yàjūn. ― I got second place.
- 他得了個壞名聲。/他得了个坏名声。 ― Tā dé le ge huài míngshēng. ― He gained a bad reputation.
- to contract (disease); to become ill with
- 他得了肺癌,活不了多久。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
- Tā dé le fèi'ái, huó bù liǎo duōjiǔ. [Pinyin]
- He got lung cancer and won't live for long.
- to result in; to produce
- 三三得九 ― sān sān dé jiǔ ― three times three is nine
- 二五得一十 [Cantonese] ― ji6 ng5 dak1 jat1 sap6 [Jyutping] ― two times five is ten
- 八減三得五/八减三得五 ― bā jiǎn sān dé wǔ ― eight minus three is five
- to be ready; finished
- to suit; to fit
- 得體/得体 ― détǐ ― appropriate
- satisfied; contented
- 洋洋自得 ― yángyángzìdé ― to be very pleased with oneself; to be self-satisfied
- (formal, often used in the negative) can; may; to be permitted
- 乘客不得在車廂內飲食。 [MSC, trad.]
- Chéngkè bùdé zài chēxiāng nèi yǐnshí. [Pinyin]
- Passengers are not allowed to eat and drink on the train.
乘客不得在车厢内饮食。 [MSC, simp.]
- 非依法定程序之逮捕、拘禁、審問、處罰,得拒絕之。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: Article 8, Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Fēi yī fǎdìng chéngxù zhī dàibǔ, jūjìn, shěnwèn, chùfá, dé jùjué zhī. [Pinyin]
- Any arrest, detention, trial, or punishment which is not in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law can be resisted.
非依法定程序之逮捕、拘禁、审问、处罚,得拒绝之。 [MSC, simp.]
- (Cantonese) to only have; to just have
- 得佢想去公園咋。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- dak1 keoi5 soeng2 heoi3 gung1 jyun4-2 zaa3. [Jyutping]
- Only he wants to go to the park.
得佢想去公园咋。 [Cantonese, simp.]- 得返一分鐘。/得返一分钟。 [Cantonese] ― dak1 faan1 jat1 fan1 zung1. [Jyutping] ― There's just one minute left.
- 1985, 黃霑 (lyrics), “童年”, in 海底針, performed by 蔡國權:
- 硬幣財富卻每日得一個 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
- ngaang6 bai6 coi4 fu3 koek3 mui5 jat6 dak1 jat1 go3 [Jyutping]
- (please add an English translation of this example)
硬币财富却每日得一个 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]
- interjective particle expressing approval or prohibition; see 得了
- 得了,別再說了。/得了,别再说了。 ― Dé le, bié zài shuō le. ― OK! OK! That's enough.
- 得喇,知道喇。 [Cantonese] ― dak1 laa3, zi1 dou3 laa3. [Jyutping] ― OK! Got it.
- 我有個表姪女兒,今年二十六,談了好幾個對象了都沒談成。她媽啊,一直託我幫忙呢。得,甭別人了,就是她了。 [Beijing Mandarin, trad.]
- From: 2000, 梁左 and 梁欢, 《闲人马大姐》, episode 7
- Wǒ yǒu ge biǎozhínür, jīnnián èrshíliù, tán le hǎo jǐ ge duìxiàng le dōu méi tán chéng. Tā mā a, yīzhí tuō wǒ bāngmáng ne. Dé, béng biérén le, jiù shi tā le. [Pinyin]
- I've got a niece who's 26 years old this year, who's already dated several guys but none worked out. Her mum's been nagging me to find a guy for her. Alright, we'll set the two up then. There's no need to find someone else.
我有个表侄女儿,今年二十六,谈了好几个对象了都没谈成。她妈啊,一直托我帮忙呢。得,甭别人了,就是她了。 [Beijing Mandarin, simp.]
- interjective particle expressing frustration or helplessness
- (Cantonese) OK; good
- 你噉做真係唔得。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- nei5 gam2 zou6 zan1 hai6 m4 dak1. [Jyutping]
- You really mustn't do it this way.
你噉做真系唔得。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- (Cantonese, often sarcastic) remarkable
- Synonym: 行 (xíng)
- 你哋真係得。/你哋真系得。 [Cantonese] ― nei5 dei6 zan1 hai6 dak1. [Jyutping] ― You guys are really something.
Synonyms
Variety | Location | Words edit |
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Classical Chinese | 能 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 能, 能夠, 可以 | |
Mandarin | Taiwan | 能, 能夠, 可以 |
Malaysia | 能 | |
Singapore | 能, 能夠, 可以 | |
Cantonese | Hong Kong | 可以 |
Hakka | Kuching (Hepo) | 得 |
Min Dong | Singapore (Fuqing) | 會 |
Min Nan | Penang (Hokkien) | 會, 會使 |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 會, 會使 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 會, 會通 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 好 |
Suzhou | 好 | |
Ningbo | 好 |
Variety | Location | Words edit |
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Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 行 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 行 |
Taiwan | 行 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 得 |
Hong Kong | 得 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 來三, 來事 |
Suzhou | 來三 |
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2
Definitions
得
- Used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement.
- alt. forms: 的 historical or nonstandard
- 好得很 ― hǎo de hěn ― very good
- 他痛得直哭。 ― Tā tòng de zhí kū. ― He is in so much pain that he won't stop crying.
- 他跑得快。 ― Tā pǎo de kuài. ― He runs fast.
- 他跑得像一陣風。/他跑得像一阵风。 ― Tā pǎo de xiàng yī zhèn fēng. ― He runs like wind.
- 他畫得好。/他画得好。 ― Tā huà de hǎo. ― He paints well.
- 呢啲嘢我哋見得多。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- ni1 di1 je5 ngo5 dei6 gin3 dak1 do1. [Jyutping]
- This sort of thing is nothing new (we have seen a lot of it).
呢啲嘢我哋见得多。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- Used after a verb to express possibility or capability.
- alt. forms: 的 historical or nonstandard in Mandarin
- 吃得 ― chī de ― eatable, edible
- 看得見/看得见 ― kàn de jiàn ― able to see
- 做不得 ― zuò bù de ― must not be done
- 這雙鞋穿得。/这双鞋穿得。 ― Zhè shuāng xié chuān de. ― These shoes fit well.
- 這個人批評不得。/这个人批评不得。 ― Zhège rén pīpíng bù de. ― He's not a man to criticize.
- 賣得幾多錢? [Cantonese, trad.]
- From: 《氹氹轉,菊花園》, traditional children's song
- maai6 dak1 gei2 do1 cin4-2? [Jyutping]
- How much can it sell for?
卖得几多钱? [Cantonese, simp.]
- (Cantonese) Used after a verb to form an adjectival phrase expressing capability.
- 佢好食得。 [Cantonese] ― keoi5 hou2 sik6 dak1. [Jyutping] ― He could eat a lot.
- 呢本書都幾賣得。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- ne1 bun2 syu1 dou1 gei2 maai6 dak1. [Jyutping]
- This book sells quite a few copies.
呢本书都几卖得。 [Cantonese, simp.]- 冇邊個衰得過佢。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- mou5 bin1 go3 seoi1 dak1 gwo3 keoi5. [Jyutping]
- There's no one who could be worse than him.
冇边个衰得过佢。 [Cantonese, simp.]
Usage notes
- When it is used between a verb and the complement, and the complement is used to indicate possibility or capacity, the negative form replaces 得 with 不 (bù).
- 寫得好/写得好 ― xiě de hǎo ― able to write well
- 寫不好/写不好 ― xiě bù hǎo ― unable to write well
- If there is no complement, or if the complement describes the result or the extent of the verb, the negative form has 得不 in the place of 得.
- 寫得好/写得好 ― xiě de hǎo ― write well
- 寫得不好/写得不好 ― xiě de bù hǎo ― write not well
- If it is used after a verb-object construction, the verb is repeated again as "verb-object-verb-得-complement".
- 寫字寫得好/写字写得好 ― xiězì xiě de hǎo ― write characters well
- "Object-verb-得-complement" is also used.
- 字寫得好/字写得好 ― zì xiě de hǎo ― characters being well-written
Compounds
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Pronunciation 3
Definitions
得
- (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) to need (something)
- 這份表格得多少時間才能填完? [MSC, trad.]
- Zhè fèn biǎogé děi duōshào shíjiān cái néng tián wán? [Pinyin]
- How much time will one need to fill this form?
这份表格得多少时间才能填完? [MSC, simp.]
- (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) must; to have to
- 我得走了。 ― Wǒ děi zǒu le. ― I must go (now).
- ……是種病,得治! [MSC, trad.]
- ...... shì zhǒng bìng, děi zhì! [Pinyin]
- ... is actually an illness. It has to be treated! (humorous, slang)
……是种病,得治! [MSC, simp.]
- (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) (almost certainly) will
- 再不回去,就得趕不上末班車了。 [MSC, trad.]
- Zài bù huíqù, jiù děi gǎnbùshàng mòbānchē le. [Pinyin]
- If we don't go back now, we won't be able to catch the last bus.
再不回去,就得赶不上末班车了。 [MSC, simp.]
- (dialectal Mandarin) nice; satisfying
Synonyms
- (must):
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Compounds
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References
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01291
- “得”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)
- acquire
Readings
- Go-on: とく (toku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: とく (toku, Jōyō)
- Kun: える (eru, 得る, Jōyō); うる (uru, 得る, Jōyō)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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得 |
とく Grade: 5 |
on’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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徳 |
From Middle Chinese 得 (MC tək̚).
Alternative forms
- (honorific) お得 (o-toku)
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) とく [tòkú] (Heiban – [0])[1]
- IPA(key): [to̞kɯ̟ᵝ]
Adjective
得 • (toku) ←とく (toku)? -na (adnominal 得な (toku na), adverbial 得に (toku ni))
- beneficial; with gain
- Antonym: 損 (son)
- 500円お得
- go-hyaku-en o-toku
- (please add an English translation of this example)
Inflection
Stem forms | |||
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Imperfective (未然形) | 得だろ | とくだろ | toku daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 得で | とくで | toku de |
Terminal (終止形) | 得だ | とくだ | toku da |
Attributive (連体形) | 得な | とくな | toku na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 得なら | とくなら | toku nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 得であれ | とくであれ | toku de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 得ではない 得じゃない | とくではない とくじゃない | toku de wa nai toku ja nai |
Informal past | 得だった | とくだった | toku datta |
Informal negative past | 得ではなかった 得じゃなかった | とくではなかった とくじゃなかった | toku de wa nakatta toku ja nakatta |
Formal | 得です | とくです | toku desu |
Formal negative | 得ではありません 得じゃありません | とくではありません とくじゃありません | toku de wa arimasen toku ja arimasen |
Formal past | 得でした | とくでした | toku deshita |
Formal negative past | 得ではありませんでした 得じゃありませんでした | とくではありませんでした とくじゃありませんでした | toku de wa arimasen deshita toku ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 得で | とくで | toku de |
Conditional | 得なら(ば) | とくなら(ば) | toku nara (ba) |
Provisional | 得だったら | とくだったら | toku dattara |
Volitional | 得だろう | とくだろう | toku darō |
Adverbial | 得に | とくに | toku ni |
Degree | 得さ | とくさ | tokusa |
Noun
得 • (toku) ←とく (toku)?
- beneficial; with gain
- Antonym: 損 (son)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
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得 |
う Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
Verb
得 • (u) †nidan
- Classical Japanese form of 得る (uru)
Conjugation
Stem forms | |||
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Irrealis (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
Terminal (終止形) | 得 | う | u |
Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
Realis (已然形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
Imperative (命令形) | 得よ | えよ | eyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 得れど | うれど | uredo |
Causal conjunction | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
Conditional conjunction | 得ば | えば | eba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 得き | えき | eki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 得けり | えけり | ekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 得つ | えつ | etu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 得ぬ | えぬ | enu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 得たり | えたり | etari |
Volitional | 得む | えむ | emu |
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 得 (MC tək̚).
Hanja
Wikisource得 (eumhun 얻을 득 (eodeul deuk))
- Hanja form? of 득 (“obtain, achieve”).
- Hanja form? of 득 (“gain, benefit”).
- Hanja form? of 득 (“satisfaction”).
Derived terms
- 납득 (納得, napdeuk)
- 득점 (得點, deukjeom)
- 득남 (得男, deungnam)
- 득녀 (得女, deungnyeo)
- 취득 (取得, chwideuk)
- 터득 (攄得, teodeuk)
- 득실 (得失, deuksil)
- 득의 (得意, deugui)
- 이득 (利得, ideuk)
- 획득 (獲得, hoekdeuk)
- 기득권 (旣得權, gideukgwon)
- 부득이 (不得已, budeugi)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典.
Vietnamese
Han character
得: Hán Việt readings: đắc
得: Nôm readings: đác, được, đắc, đắt
- Nôm form of được (“to get, to obtain”).
References
- Nom Foundation