彊

See also: 强, 強, 疆, and 彁

彊	U+5F4A, 彊 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F4A

← 彉
[U+5F49]

CJK Unified Ideographs

彋 →
[U+5F4B]

Translingual

Han character

彊 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 弓一田一 (NMWM), four-corner 1121₆, composition ⿰弓畺)

Derived characters

疆, 䕬, 𠣀, 𠣃, 𡾪, 𦇤, 𧖑, 𧟂, 𨯞, 𫕘

References

KangXi: page 361, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9872
Dae Jaweon: page 679, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1003, character 1
Unihan data for U+5F4A

Chinese

trad.		彊
simp.		强

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (畺) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
畺	*kaŋ
畕	*kaŋ
礓	*kaŋ
繮	*kaŋ
韁	*kaŋ
橿	*kaŋ
薑	*kaŋ
疆	*kaŋ
壃	*kaŋ
僵	*kaŋ
彊	kaŋs, ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ
麠	*kaŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 畺 (OC *kaŋ).Bow is powerful.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiáng (qiang²)
(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiòng
Min Dong (BUC): giòng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kiûⁿ / kiông / kiâng
(Teochew, Peng'im): kiang⁵ / kiang³ / gion⁵ / giên⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): jjian (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciáng
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiang²
  - Yale: chyáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyang
  - Palladius: цян (cjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰjɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: koeng⁴
  - Yale: kèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: kêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiongˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiong²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyoŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiûⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiûnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kviuu
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiũ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông
  - Tâi-lô: kiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kioong
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâng
  - Tâi-lô: kiâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiaang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ¹³/

Note:

kiûⁿ - vernacular;
kiông/kiâng - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kiang⁵ / kiang³ / gion⁵ / giên⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâng / khiàng / kiôⁿ / kiêⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰiaŋ²¹³/, /kĩõ⁵⁵/, /kĩẽ⁵⁵/

Note:

kiang3 - "clever", "good at";
gion5 - "superior;
better" (giên5 - Chaozhou).

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: jjian (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥͡ʑiã²³/

Middle Chinese: /ɡɨɐŋ/

Rime
Character	彊
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	巨良切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ɡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	koeng⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kaŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	彊
Reading #	1/3
No.	6264
Phonetic component	畺
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	彊
Old Chinese	/*kaŋs/

Definitions

彊

(archaic) Alternative form of 強／强 (qiáng).
36th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "strength" (𝌩)
a surname

Compounds

丁彊／丁强
不畏彊禦／不畏强御
不避彊禦／不避强御
博聞彊志／博闻强志
博聞彊記／博闻强记
富彊／富强

彊幹弱枝／强干弱枝
彊弩之末／强弩之末
彊志／强志
彊本／强本
彊本弱末／强本弱末
彊本節用／强本节用

彊梁／强梁
彊禦／强御
彊記博聞／强记博闻
按彊助弱／按强助弱
相倚為彊／相倚为强
禺彊／禺强

Japanese

Kanji

彊

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Alternative form of 強 (“strong”)

Readings

Go-on: ごう (gō)^{←がう (gau, historical)}
Kan-on: きょう (kyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 彊い); つよし (tsuyoshi, 彊し); しいる (shiiru, 彊る)
Nanori: あき (aki); つとむ (tsutomu); つよし (tsuyoshi); ひさし (hisashi)

Proper noun

彊(つとむ) • (Tsutomu)

a male given name

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 彊 (MC ɡɨɐŋ, ɡɨɐŋ^X).

Hanja

Wikisource彊 (eumhun 굳셀 강 (gutsel gang))

(literary) Hanja form^? of 강 (“to be strong”).

Synonyms

強 (강 (gang))
勍 (경 (gyeong))

Compounds

강구 (彊求, ganggu)
강기 (彊記, ganggi)
강어 (彊禦, gang'eo)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

彊: Hán Nôm readings: cương, cường

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