強ふ

強ふ

Japanese

Etymology

⟨sipu⟩ → /ɕiɸu/ → /ɕifu/ → */ɕiwu/ → /ɕiu/

From Old Japanese.

Verb

強ふ(しう) • (shiu) transitive ^†nidan (historical kana しふ)

1. (Classical Japanese, archaic) to compel, compulse, force

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "強ふ" (ハ行上二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	強ひ	しひ	sifi
Continuative (連用形)	強ひ	しひ	sifi
Terminal (終止形)	強ふ	しふ	sifu
Attributive (連体形)	強ふる	しふる	sifuru
Realis (已然形)	強ふれ	しふれ	sifure
Imperative (命令形)	強ひよ	しひよ	sifiyo
Key constructions
Negative	強ひず	しひず	sifizu
Contrasting conjunction	強ふれど	しふれど	sifuredo
Causal conjunction	強ふれば	しふれば	sifureba
Conditional conjunction	強ひば	しひば	sifiba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	強ひき	しひき	sifiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	強ひけり	しひけり	sifikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	強ひつ	しひつ	sifitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	強ひぬ	しひぬ	sifinu
Perfect-continuative tense	強ひたり	しひたり	sifitari

Derived terms

• 強(し)いる (shiiru, modern form)
• 強(し)ひて (shiite)
• 強(し)ゆ (shiyu)
• 強(し)ひ過(そ)す (shiisosu)

---

Old Japanese

Etymology

From a stem sip- possibly cognate with verb 癈ふ (sipu, “to lose function (said of body organs)”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Verb

強ふ (sipu) (kana しふ)

1. to compel, compulse, force

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "強ふ" (ハ行上二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形)	強ひ	しひ	sifi
Continuative (連用形)	強ひ	しひ	sifi
Terminal (終止形)	強ふ	しふ	sifu
Attributive (連体形)	強ふる	しふる	sifuru
Realis (已然形)	強ふれ	しふれ	sifure
Imperative (命令形)	強ひよ	しひよ	sifiyo
Key constructions
Negative	強ひず	しひず	sifizu
Contrasting conjunction	強ふれど	しふれど	sifuredo
Causal conjunction	強ふれば	しふれば	sifureba
Conditional conjunction	強ひば	しひば	sifiba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge)	強ひき	しひき	sifiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge)	強ひけり	しひけり	sifikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action)	強ひつ	しひつ	sifitu
Perfect tense (natural event)	強ひぬ	しひぬ	sifinu
Perfect-continuative tense	強ひたり	しひたり	sifitari

Derived terms

• 誣ふ (sipu)
• 強ひ語 (sipi₂gatari)

Descendants

• Japanese: 強ふ (shiu) → 強いる (shiiru)