強

See also: 强 and 彊

強	U+5F37, 強 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F37

← 弶
[U+5F36]

CJK Unified Ideographs

弸 →
[U+5F38]

Translingual

Japanese	強
Simplified	强
Traditional	強

Han character

強 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈中戈 (NILI), four-corner 1323₆, composition ⿰弓𧈧 or ⿸弘虫)

References

KangXi: page 359, character 23

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9815

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 999, character 7

Unihan data for U+5F37

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 強
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (強) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
繈	*kaŋʔ
襁	*kaŋʔ
膙	*kaŋʔ
鏹	*kaŋʔ
勥	ɡaŋ, ɡaŋʔ
強	ɡaŋ, ɡaŋʔ

Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) : phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

The character 強 likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ).

Etymology

(egg): Typo of 蛋; they have the same keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie.

Pronunciation 1

trad.		強/强
simp.		强
alternative forms		彊

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiáng (qiang²)
(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): koeng⁴
(Taishan, Wiktionary): kiang³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khiòng
(Meixian, Guangdong): kiong²
Min Dong (BUC): giòng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kiûⁿ / kiông / kiâng
(Teochew, Peng'im): kiang⁵ / gion⁵ / giên⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): jjian (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiáng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciáng
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiang²
  - Yale: chyáng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyang
  - Palladius: цян (cjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰjɑŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: koeng⁴
  - Yale: kèuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: kêng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: kiang³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiaŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiongˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiong²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kiong²
  - Sinological IPA: /cʰiɔŋ¹¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giòng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyoŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiûⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: kiûnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kviuu
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiũ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiông
  - Tâi-lô: kiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kioong
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /kiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiâng
  - Tâi-lô: kiâng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiaang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ¹³/

Note:

kiûⁿ - vernacular;
kiông/kiâng - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kiang⁵ / gion⁵ / giên⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiâng / kiôⁿ / kiêⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/, /kĩõ⁵⁵/, /kĩẽ⁵⁵/

Note:

kiang5 - "strong", "forceful";
gion5/giên5 - "superior, better" (giên5 - Chaozhou).

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: jjian (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥͡ʑiã²³/

Middle Chinese: /ɡɨɐŋ/

Rime
Character	強
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	巨良切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɑŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨaŋ/
Li Rong	/ɡiaŋ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭaŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯aŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiáng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	koeng⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kaŋ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡaŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	強
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiáng
Middle Chinese	‹ gjang ›
Old Chinese	/*N-kaŋ/
English	strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	強
Reading #	1/2
No.	10318
Phonetic component	强
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	強
Old Chinese	/*ɡaŋ/
Notes	彊省聲而非弘聲，通借爲彊

Definitions

強

strong; powerful; energetic
to strengthen
staunch; strong-willed
brutal; forceful
強拖乘客下機／强拖乘客下机 ― qiángtuō chéngkè xiàjī ― to forcefully drag a passenger off the plane
capable; of a high level
superior; better
slightly more than; plus
四分之一強／四分之一强 ― sì fēnzhī yī qiáng ― a bit more than a fourth
final contestants in a competition; finalist
(Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, sometimes deliberate) Misspelling of 蛋.

Synonyms

(strong): (literary) 鴻／鸿 (hóng)

Antonyms

弱 (ruò)

Compounds

Derived terms from 強

不強／不强
不憚強禦／不惮强御
不畏強禦／不畏强御
以弱制強／以弱制强
以強陵弱／以强陵弱
伯強／伯强
倚強凌弱／倚强凌弱
倚強欺弱／倚强欺弱 (yǐqiáng qī ruò)
兵強／兵强
兵強將勇／兵强将勇
兵強將盛／兵强将盛 (bīng qiáng jiàng shèng)
兵強馬壯／兵强马壮 (bīngqiángmǎzhuàng)
刁蹬用強／刁蹬用强
列強／列强 (lièqiáng)
剛強／刚强 (gāngqiáng)
力強／力强
加強／加强 (jiāqiáng)
北方之強／北方之强
南方之強／南方之强
博聞強記／博闻强记 (bówénqiángjì)
博聞強識／博闻强识 (bówén-qiángzhì)
占強／占强
口強／口强
四強／四强 (sìqiáng)
國富兵強／国富兵强
國富民強／国富民强 (guófùmínqiáng)
地震強度／地震强度
堅強／坚强 (jiānqiáng)
增強／增强 (zēngqiáng)
壓強／压强 (yāqiáng)
外強中乾／外强中干 (wàiqiángzhōnggān)
多聞強記／多闻强记
奮發圖強／奋发图强
奮發自強／奋发自强
女強人／女强人 (nǚqiángrén)
好強／好强 (hàoqiáng)
富國強兵／富国强兵 (fùguóqiángbīng)
富強／富强 (fùqiáng)
富強康樂／富强康乐
差強人意／差强人意 (chāqiángrényì)
年富力強／年富力强
康強／康强
強人／强人 (qiángrén)
強仕／强仕
強似／强似 (qiángsì)
強健／强健 (qiángjiàn)
強力／强力 (qiánglì)
強力膠／强力胶
強勁／强劲 (qiángjìng)
強勢／强势 (qiángshì)
強勢貨幣／强势货币
強化／强化 (qiánghuà)
強化玻璃／强化玻璃
強化食品／强化食品
強半／强半
強占／强占
強固／强固 (qiánggù)

強圉／强圉
強壯／强壮 (qiángzhuàng)
強壯劑／强壮剂
強大／强大 (qiángdà)
強奪／强夺 (qiángduó)
強姦／强奸 (qiángjiān)
強姦民意／强奸民意
強宗／强宗
強寇／强寇
強幹弱枝／强干弱枝
強度／强度 (qiángdù)
強弓硬弩／强弓硬弩 (qiáng gōng yìng nǔ)
強弩／强弩
強弩之末／强弩之末 (qiángnǔzhīmò)
強弱／强弱 (qiángruò)
強弱懸殊／强弱悬殊
強強滾／强强滚 (qiángqiánggǔn)
強心劑／强心剂 (qiángxīnjì)
強心針／强心针 (qiángxīnzhēn)
強悍／强悍 (qiánghàn)
強搶／强抢 (qiángqiǎng)
強敵環伺／强敌环伺
強暴／强暴 (qiángbào)
強有力／强有力 (qiángyǒulì)
強本弱枝／强本弱枝
強梁／强梁 (qiángliáng)
強梗／强梗
強棒／强棒
強橫／强横 (qiánghèng)
強權／强权 (qiángquán)
強權外交／强权外交
強權政治／强权政治 (qiángquán zhèngzhì)
強死／强死 (qiángsǐ)
強波器／强波器
強渡／强渡
強烈／强烈 (qiángliè)
強盛／强盛 (qiángshèng)
強盜／强盗 (qiángdào)
強盜演戲／强盗演戏
強硬／强硬 (qiángyìng)
強硬手段／强硬手段
強者／强者 (qiángzhě)
強虜／强虏
強行軍／强行军
強記／强记 (qiángjì)
強記洽聞／强记洽闻
強調／强调 (qiángdiào)
強諫／强谏
強酸／强酸 (qiángsuān)
強韌／强韧
強項／强项 (qiángxiàng)
強風特報／强风特报
強鹼／强碱
強點／强点 (qiángdiǎn)
恃強凌弱／恃强凌弱 (shìqiánglíngruò)
恃強欺弱／恃强欺弱

扶弱抑強／扶弱抑强
抑強扶弱／抑强扶弱 (yìqiángfúruò)
抓尖要強／抓尖要强
撇強／撇强
木強則折／木强则折
本事高強／本事高强
板強／板强
極限強度／极限强度
民富國強／民富国强
氣強／气强
洽聞強記／洽闻强记
濟弱鋤強／济弱锄强
火性強陽／火性强阳
煞強如／煞强如
爭勝要強／争胜要强
爭強／争强 (zhēngqiáng)
爭強好勝／争强好胜
爭強賭勝／争强赌胜
爭強顯勝／争强显胜
爭強鬥勝／争强斗胜
特強／特强
畏強凌弱／畏强凌弱
疲乏強度／疲乏强度
發憤圖強／发愤图强
硬弩強弓／硬弩强弓
精明強幹／精明强干
索強如／索强如
維新圖強／维新图强
繁榮富強／繁荣富强
肥強／肥强
自強／自强 (zìqiáng)
自強不息／自强不息 (zìqiángbùxī)
自強學堂／自强学堂
自強活動／自强活动
自立自強／自立自强 (zìlìzìqiáng)
莊敬自強／庄敬自强
補強／补强 (bǔqiáng)
要強／要强 (yàoqiáng)
誇勝道強／夸胜道强
誇強說會／夸强说会
豪俠強徒／豪侠强徒
豪強／豪强 (háoqiáng)
超強／超强
超級強國／超级强国
身強力壯／身强力壮 (shēnqiánglìzhuàng)
逞強／逞强 (chěngqiáng)
逞強稱能／逞强称能
違強陵弱／违强陵弱
鋤強扶弱／锄强扶弱 (chúqiángfúruò)
電流強度／电流强度
音強／音强
頑強／顽强 (wánqiáng)
頑強不屈／顽强不屈
馬壯人強／马壮人强
騁強背理／骋强背理
高強／高强 (gāoqiáng)

Pronunciation 2

trad.		強/强
simp.		强
alternative forms		彊

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): qiǎng (qiang³)
(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄤˇ
(Chengdu, SP): qiang³
Cantonese (Jyutping): koeng⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khiòng / khióng
(Meixian, Guangdong): kiong² / giong³
Min Dong (BUC): giōng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kióng / kiáng
(Teochew, Peng'im): giang² / kiang⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): jjian (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qiǎng
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄤˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ciǎng
  - Wade–Giles: chʻiang³
  - Yale: chyǎng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: cheang
  - Palladius: цян (cjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰjɑŋ²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: qiang³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kiang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiaŋ⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: koeng⁵
  - Yale: kéuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: koeng⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: kêng⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰœːŋ¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiòng / khióng
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiongˇ / kiong`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiong² / kiong³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯oŋ¹¹/, /kʰi̯oŋ³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kiong² / giong³
  - Sinological IPA: /cʰiɔŋ¹¹/, /ciɔŋ³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giōng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyoŋ³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kióng
  - Tâi-lô: kióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiorng
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiáng
  - Tâi-lô: kiáng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiarng
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giang² / kiang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiáng / khiâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiaŋ⁵²/, /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: jjian (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥͡ʑiã²³/

Middle Chinese: /ɡɨɐŋ^X/

Rime
Character	強
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	其兩切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɑŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨaŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ɡiaŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ɡĭaŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯aŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	goeng⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kaŋʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡaŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	強
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ gjang^X ›
Old Chinese	/*m-kaŋʔ/
English	make an effort
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	強
Reading #	2/2
No.	10319
Phonetic component	强
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	勥
Old Chinese	/*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes	彊字注或體

Definitions

強

to force; to compel; to coerce
勉強／勉强 ― miǎnqiǎng ― to force somebody to do something
to strive

Compounds

Derived terms from 強

勉強／勉强 (miǎnqiǎng)
強人所難／强人所难 (qiǎngrénsuǒnán)
強作鎮靜／强作镇静
強使／强使
強制／强制 (qiángzhì)
強制保險／强制保险
強制執行／强制执行
強制罪／强制罪
強制處分／强制处分
強制認領／强制认领
強制辯護／强制辩护
強加／强加 (qiángjiā)
強勉／强勉
強勉／强勉

強勒／强勒
強幹／强干
強忍／强忍 (qiǎngrěn)
強攻／强攻
強文假醋／强文假醋
強死強活／强死强活
強求／强求 (qiǎngqiú)
強聒不舍／强聒不舍
強行／强行 (qiángxíng)
強行法／强行法
強詞奪理／强词夺理 (qiǎngcíduólǐ)
強辯／强辩 (qiǎngbiàn)
強迫／强迫 (qiǎngpò)

強迫中獎／强迫中奖
強迫儲蓄／强迫储蓄
強迫取分／强迫取分
強迫教育／强迫教育
強迫降落／强迫降落
強逼／强逼 (qiǎngbī)
強酒／强酒
強顏／强颜 (qiǎngyán)
強顏歡笑／强颜欢笑
強飯為嘉／强饭为嘉
惡醉強酒／恶醉强酒
牽強／牵强 (qiānqiǎng)
牽強附會／牵强附会 (qiānqiǎngfùhuì)

Pronunciation 3

trad.		強/强
simp.		强
alternative forms		犟勥彊

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiàng (jiang⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄤˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): goeng⁶
Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): kiong²
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kiōng / kiāng
(Teochew, Peng'im): giang⁶ / kiang⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiàng
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄤˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiàng
  - Wade–Giles: chiang⁴
  - Yale: jyàng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jianq
  - Palladius: цзян (czjan)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjɑŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: goeng⁶
  - Yale: geuhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: goeng⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: gêng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kœːŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kiong²
  - Sinological IPA: /cʰiɔŋ¹¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng
  - Tâi-lô: kiōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiāng
  - Tâi-lô: kiāng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiang
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiaŋ²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giang⁶ / kiang⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiăng / khiâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiaŋ³⁵/, /kʰiaŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /ɡɨɐŋ^X/

Rime
Character	強
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	陽 (105)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	其兩切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨɐŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡiɐŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiɑŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨaŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ɡiaŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ɡĭaŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯aŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	goeng⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-kaŋʔ/
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡaŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	強
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiǎng
Middle Chinese	‹ gjang^X ›
Old Chinese	/*m-kaŋʔ/
English	make an effort
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	強
Reading #	2/2
No.	10319
Phonetic component	强
Rime group	陽
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	勥
Old Chinese	/*ɡaŋʔ/
Notes	彊字注或體

Definitions

強

^† hard; stiff
stubborn; obstinate
a surname

Compounds

Derived terms from 強

倔強／倔强 (juéjiàng)
嘴強／嘴强
崛強／崛强

強嘴／强嘴
彆強／别强
拗強／拗强

掘強／掘强
木強／木强
村強／村强

Pronunciation 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 強 – see 勥 (“to compel; valiant; etc.”). (This character, 強, is a variant form of 勥.)

References

“強”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

強

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

strong
Antonym: 弱
strength
powerful
potent

Readings

Go-on: ごう (gō, Jōyō)^{←がう (gau, historical)}
Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きやう (kyau, historical)}
Tō-on: がん (gan)
Kun: つよい (tsuyoi, 強い, Jōyō); つよまる (tsuyomaru, 強まる, Jōyō); つよめる (tsuyomeru, 強める, Jōyō); しいる (shiiru, 強いる, Jōyō)^{←しひる (sifiru, historical)}; こわい (kowai, 強い); あながち (anagachi, 強ち); したたか (shitataka, 強か); つとめる (tsutomeru, 強める)

Compounds

Derived terms

頑(がん)強(きょう) (gankyō)
強(きょう)圧(あつ) (kyōatsu)
強(きょう)化(か) (kyōka)
強(きょう)悍(かん) (kyōkan)
強(こう)諫(れん) (kōren)
強(きょう)顔(がん) (kyōgan)
強(きょう)幹(かん)弱(じゃく)枝(し) (kyōkanjakushi)
強(きょう)記(き) (kyōki)
強(きょう)禦(ぎょ) (kyōgyo)
強(きょう)圉(ぎょ) (kyōgyo)
強(きょう)肩(けん) (kyōken)
強(きょう)健(けん) (kyōken)
強(きょう)権(けん) (kyōken)
強(きょう)固(こ) (kyōko)
強(きょう)行(こう) (kyōkō)
強(きょう)攻(こう) (kyōkō)
強(きょう)硬(こう) (kyōkō)
強(きょう)梗(こう) (kyōkō)
強(きょう)豪(ごう) (kyōgō)
強(きょう)行(こう)軍(ぐん) (kyōkōgun)
強(きょう)仕(し) (kyōshi)
強(きょう)死(し) (kyōshi)
強(きょう)志(し) (kyōshi)
強(きょう)弱(じゃく) (kyōjaku)
強(きょう)襲(しゅう) (kyōshū)
強(きょう)恕(じょ) (kyōjo)
強(きょう)靭(じん) (kyōjin)
強(きょう)制(せい) (kyōsei)
強(きょう)請(せい) (kyōsei)
強(きょう)僭(せん) (kyōsen)
強(きょう)壮(そう) (kyōsō)
強(きょう)大(だい) (kyōdai)
強(きょう)調(ちょう) (kyōchō)
強(きょう)弩(ど) (kyōdo)
強(きょう)忍(にん) (kyōnin)
強(きょう)迫(はく) (kyōhaku)
強(きょう)迫(はく)観(かん)念(ねん) (kyōhakukannen)
強(きょう)半(はん) (kyōhan)
強(きょう)風(ふう) (kyōfū)
強(きょう)弁(べん) (kyōben)
強(きょう)暴(ぼう) (kyōbō)
強(きょう)要(よう) (kyōyō)
強(きょう)梁(りょう) (kyōryō)
強(きょう)力(りょく) (kyōryoku, “brute strength”)
強(きょう)烈(れつ) (kyōretsu)
屈(くっ)強(きょう) (kukkyō)
堅(けん)強(きょう) (kenkyō)
牽(けん)強(きょう) (kenkyō)
件(けん)強(きょう) (kenkyō)
強(ごう)引(いん) (gōin)
強(ごう)姦(かん) (gōkan)
強(ごう)情(じょう) (gōjō)
強(ごう)訴(そ) (gōso)
強(ごう)奪(だつ) (gōdatsu)
強(ごう)談(だん) (gōdan)
強(ごう)談(だ)威(に)迫(はく) (gōdanihaku)
強(ごう)盗(とう) (gōtō)
強(こわ)飯(めし) (kowameshi)
強(ごう)欲(よく) (gōyoku)
強(ごう)力(りき)犯(はん) (gōrikihan)
強(つよ)強(つよ) (tsuyotsuyo)
強(こわ)談(だん)判(ぱん) (kowadanpan)
強(こわ)面(もて) (kowamote)
強(つよ)気(き) (tsuyoki)
強(つよ)腰(ごし) (tsuyogoshi)
強(つよ)吟(ぎん) (tsuyogin)
富(ふ)強(きょう) (fukyō)
勉(べん)強(きょう) (benkyō)
補(ほ)強(きょう) (hokyō)
列(れっ)強(きょう) (rekkyō)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
強
きょう Grade: 2
on’yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ː]

Suffix

強(きょう) • (-kyō)

(lengths of time) slightly more than

Antonyms

弱(じゃく) (-jaku)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
強
つよし Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t͡sɨᵝjo̞ɕi]

Proper noun

強(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi)

a male given name

Korean

Alternative forms

强 (强)

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 強 (MC ɡɨɐŋ, “strong”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	까ᇰ (Yale: kkàng)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	힘〮셀〯 (Yale: hím sěyl)	가ᇰ (Yale: kàng)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠ŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [강]

Hanja

Wikisource強 (eumhun 강할 강 (ganghal gang))

Hanja form^? of 강 (“strong; strength”).
Antonym: 弱 (약 (yak))

Compounds

강조 (強調, gangjo)
강화 (強化, ganghwa)
강경 (強硬/強勁, ganggyeong)
강력 (強力, gangnyeok)
완강 (頑強, wan'gang)
강인 (強靭, gang'in)
강도 (強度, gangdo)
강약 (強弱, gang'yak)
강도 (強盜, gangdo)
강타 (強打, gangta)
강점 (強點, gangjeom)
강자 (強者, gangja)
막강 (莫強, makgang)
강풍 (強風, gangpung)
강국 (強國, gangguk)
강고 (強固, ganggo)
강진 (強震, gangjin)
보강 (補強, bogang)
강세 (強勢, gangse)
강대 (強大, gangdae)
강렬 (強烈, gangnyeol)
열강 (列強, yeolgang)
최강 (最強, choegang)
강호 (強豪, gangho)
강성 (強盛, gangseong)
강군 (強軍, ganggun)
강병 (強兵, gangbyeong)
강성 (強盛, gangseong)
강적 (強敵, gangjeok)
강심 (強心, gangsim)
강권 (強權, ganggwon)
강공 (強攻, ganggong)
강직 (強直, gangjik)
강포 (強暴, gangpo)
부강 (富強, bugang)
증강 (增強, jeunggang)
억강부약 (抑強扶弱, eokgangbuyak)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 強 (MC ɡɨɐŋ^X, “make an effort”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	까ᇰ〮 (Yale: kkáng)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576	힘ᄡᅳᆯ (Yale: him psul)	강 (Yale: kang)

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠(ː)ŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [강(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

強 (eumhun 힘쓸 강 (himsseul gang))

Hanja form^? of 강 (“to force; to coerce”).
Hanja form^? of 강 (“stubborn; obstinate”).

Compounds

강제 (強制, gangje)
강간 (強姦, ganggan)
강행 (強行, ganghaeng)
강요 (強要, gang'yo)
강압 (強壓, gang'ap)
강겁 (強劫, ganggeop)
면강 (勉強, myeon'gang)
강박 (強迫, gangbak)
강점 (強占, gangjeom)
강취 (強取, gangchwi)
강매 (強買, gangmae)
강매 (強賣, gangmae)
강구 (強求, ganggu)
강권 (強勸, ganggwon)
강탈 (強奪, gangtal)
강변 (強辯, gangbyeon)
굴강 (屈強, gulgang)
견강 (牽強, gyeon'gang)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

強: Hán Việt readings: cường, cưỡng
強: Nôm readings: càng, cượng, cướng, gắng, cường, gàn, ngượng, cưỡng, gương, gượng, gàng

Compounds

強國 (cường quốc)

Adverb

強 • (càng)

Nôm form of càng (“With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.; all the more, all the less”).
- 18th–19th century, Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香), Vịnh quạt (詠𦑗) [The Paper Fan]:
  強(càng)燶(nóng)包(bao)饒(nhiêu)辰(thời)強(càng)沫(mát)/要(yêu)店(đêm)諸(chưa)斐(phỉ)吏(lại)要(yêu)𣈜(ngày)
  The hotter you get, the more refreshing you get / It wasn’t enough to love at night, now we love during the day.

References

Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999