幹

See also: 干 and 榦

幹	U+5E79, 幹 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E79

← 幸
[U+5E78]

CJK Unified Ideographs

幺 →
[U+5E7A]

Translingual

Han character

幹 (Kangxi radical 51, 干+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 十十人一十 (JJOMJ), four-corner 4844₁, composition ⿰𠦝𫢉)

Derived characters

𠿨, 擀, 澣, 檊, 𩼛, 𭗠, 𦼮, 簳

Related characters

榦 (Variant traditional form of 幹 in mainland China)
干 (Simplified form of 幹 in mainland China)

References

KangXi: page 341, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9183
Dae Jaweon: page 650, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 409, character 9
Unihan data for U+5E79

Chinese

trad.		幹
simp.		干^*
alternative forms		榦／干𫢉

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (干) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
訐	krads, krads, ked, kad
肝	*kaːn
竿	*kaːn
干	*kaːn
奸	*kaːn
玕	*kaːn
汗	kaːn, ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
迀	*kaːn
忓	kaːn, ɡaːns
鳱	*kaːn
邗	kaːn, ɡaːn
秆	*kaːnʔ
矸	kaːnʔ, kaːns, *ɡaːns
仠	*kaːnʔ
皯	*kaːnʔ
衦	*kaːnʔ
簳	*kaːnʔ
擀	*kaːnʔ
旰	*kaːns
盰	*kaːns
幹	*kaːns
杆	*kaːns
骭	kaːns, ɡraːns
桿	*kaːnʔ
趕	*kaːnʔ
稈	*kaːnʔ
刊	*kʰaːn
靬	kʰaːn, kʰaːns, kreːn, kan
衎	kʰaːnʔ, kʰaːns
犴	ŋaːn, ŋaːns
豻	ŋaːn, ŋaːns, ɦŋaːns, ŋ̊ʰraːn
頇	ŋaːns, hŋaːn, *ŋaːd
岸	*ŋɡaːns
鼾	qʰaːn, ɢaːns
罕	qʰaːnʔ, qʰaːns
焊	qʰaːnʔ, ɡaːns
蔊	*qʰaːnʔ
虷	*ɡaːn
旱	*ɡaːnʔ
皔	*ɡaːnʔ
釬	*ɡaːns
扞	*ɡaːns
閈	*ɡaːns
馯	ɡaːns, kʰraːn
捍	ɡaːns, ɡraːnʔ
悍	*ɡaːns
銲	*ɡaːns
垾	*ɡaːns
駻	*ɡaːns
睅	*ɡʷranʔ
娨	*ɡraːns
飦	*kan
赶	ɡan, ɡʷad
軒	*qʰan
蓒	*qʰan
酐	*qʰaːŋʔ
澣	*ɡʷaːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːns) : semantic 倝 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).

Etymology 1

The vulgar sense entered Mandarin from Min Nan 姦／奸 (kàn), as 姦 shares the same pronunciation with 幹 in Min Nan.

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gàn (gan⁴)
(Zhuyin): ㄍㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gon³
Min Bei (KCR): gāng
Min Dong (BUC): gáng / guāng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kàn
(Teochew, Peng'im): gang³
Wu (Wiktionary): koe (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gàn
  - Wade–Giles: kan⁴
  - Yale: gàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gann
  - Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gon³
  - Yale: gon
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gon³
  - Guangdong Romanization: gon³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːn³³/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gáng / guāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ²¹³/, /kuaŋ³³/

Note:

gáng - literary;
guāng - colloquial.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàn
  - Tâi-lô: kàn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kaxn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kan²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kan²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kan¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gang³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ²¹³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: koe (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kø³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /kɑn^H/

Rime
Character	幹
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古案切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kan^H/
Li Rong	/kɑn^H/
Wang Li	/kɑn^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gon³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤar-s/
(Zhengzhang): /*kaːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	幹
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gàn
Middle Chinese	‹ kan^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁar-s/
English	stem; framework
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	幹
Reading #	1/1
No.	3587
Phonetic component	干
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	旰
Old Chinese	/*kaːns/

Definitions

幹

main part of something; body; trunk
樹幹／树干 ― shùgàn ― trunk of a plant
軀幹／躯干 ― qūgàn ― body of animals
幹道／干道 ― gàndào ― main road; high street
(colloquial) to do
你在幹什麼？／你在干什么？ ― Nǐ zài gàn shénme? ― What are you doing?
to work
幹活／干活 ― gànhuó ― to work
你是幹什麼的？／你是干什么的？ ― Nǐ shì gàn shénme de? ― What is your job?
(vulgar) to fuck; to engage in sexual intercourse
幹恁娘！／干恁娘！ [Hokkien] ― Kàn-lín-niâ! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― Fuck your mother!
幹你媽！／干你妈！ ― Gàn nǐ mā! ― Fuck your mother!
- 金榮只一口咬定說：「方才明明的撞見他兩個在後院子里親嘴摸屁股，一對一肏，撅草根兒抽長短，誰長誰先幹。」 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
  金荣只一口咬定说：“方才明明的撞见他两个在后院子里亲嘴摸屁股，一对一肏，撅草根儿抽长短，谁长谁先干。” [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
  From: Cao Xueqin, Dream of the Red Chamber, mid-18^th century CE
  Jīn Róng zhǐ yīkǒu yǎodìng shuō: “Fāngcái míngmíng de zhuàngjiàn tā liǎng ge zài hòuyuànzi lǐ qīnzuǐ mō pìgǔ, yīduìyī cào, juē cǎogēnr chōu chángduǎn, shéi cháng shéi xiān gàn.” [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this example)
(vulgar) to kill
幹掉他！／干掉他！ ― Gàndiào tā! ― Kill him!
(vulgar, chiefly Taiwan) to steal
誰幹走了我的筆？！／谁干走了我的笔？！ ― Shéi gàn zǒu le wǒ de bǐ?! ― Who stole my pen?!
(vulgar, chiefly Taiwan) to blame; to condemn
公幹／公干 ― gōng gàn ― criticized by everyone
(Taiwan, vulgar, colloquial) Expressing dismay or discontent.

Synonyms

(to do):

edit

作 (zuò)
做 (zuò)
搞 (gǎo)

整治 (zhěngzhì)
物 (Teochew)
妝 (Wenzhou)

變 (Hokkien)
辦／办 (bàn)

(to fuck):

Dialectal synonyms of 肏 (“to fuck; to have sex with”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Mandarin	Beijing	肏₁, 日
	Taiwan	幹, 肏₁
	Harbin	肏₁
	Shenyang	肏₁
	Yantai (Muping)	肏₁
	Jinan	肏₁
	Luoyang	日, 尻
	Wanrong	日
	Xi'an	窄, 失
	Yinchuan	日
	Lanzhou	日
	Xining	日
	Ürümqi	日
	Wuhan	日, 搞
	Chengdu	日
	Guiyang	日, 肏₁
	Kunming	日
	Guilin	屌, 肏₁
	Liuzhou	屌, 肏₁
	Xuzhou	日, 尻, 操, 肏₁
	Yangzhou	入
	Nanjing	日, 操
	Hefei	弄
	Malaysia	幹
	Singapore	幹
Cantonese	Guangzhou	屌
	Hong Kong	屌
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	屌
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	屌
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	屌
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	屌
	Macau	屌
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	屌
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	屌
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	屌
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	屌
	Foshan	屌
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	屌
	Foshan (Shunde)	屌
	Foshan (Sanshui)	屌
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	屌
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	屌
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	屌
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	屌
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	屌
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	屌
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	屌
	Taishan	屌
	Kaiping (Chikan)	屌
	Enping (Niujiang)	屌
	Heshan (Yayao)	屌
	Dongguan	屌
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	屌
	Qingyuan	屌
	Fogang	屌
	Yingde (Hanguang)	屌
	Yangshan	屌
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	屌
	Shaoguan	屌
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	屌
	Renhua	屌
	Lechang	屌
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	屌
	Sihui	屌
	Guangning	屌
	Deqing	屌
	Huaiji	屌
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	屌
	Yunfu	屌
	Xinxing	屌
	Luoding	屌
	Yunan (Pingtai)	屌
	Yangjiang	屌
	Xinyi	屌
	Lianjiang	屌
	Beihai	屌
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	屌
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	屌
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	屌
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	屌
	Penang (Guangfu)	屌
	Singapore (Guangfu)	屌
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	屌
	Móng Cái	屌
Gan	Nanchang	戳
	Lichuan	戳
	Pingxiang	戳
Hakka	Meixian	屌
	Dabu (Xihe)	屌
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	屌
	Huidong (Daling)	屌
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	屌
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	屌
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	屌
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	屌
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	屌
	Wengyuan	屌
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	屌
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	屌
	Liannan	屌
	Conghua (Lütian)	屌
	Jiexi	屌
	Changting	屌
	Wuping	屌
	Wuping (Yanqian)	屌
	Wuping (Pingyu)	屌
	Liancheng	屌
	Ninghua	屌
	Yudu	屌, 戳
	Ningdu	屌
	Ruijin	屌
	Shicheng	屌
	Shangyou (Shexi)	屌
	Tonggu (Sandu)	屌, 戳
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	屌
	Dayu	屌
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	屌
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	屌
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	屌
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	屌
	Hong Kong	屌
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	屌
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	屌
	Xinyi (Sihe)	屌
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	屌
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	屌
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	屌
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	屌
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	屌
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	屌
	Mengshan (Xihe)	屌
	Luchuan	屌
	Sabah (Longchuan)	屌
	Kuala Lumpur (Dabu)	屌
Jin	Taiyuan	透, 肏₁, 日
	Xinzhou	透, 日
	Linhe	透
	Jining	透
	Hohhot	透
	Baotou	透
Min Bei	Jian'ou	饁
Min Dong	Fuzhou	𠚺
	Changle	𠚺
	Fuqing	𠚺
	Gutian	𠚺
	Fu'an	操
	Ningde	操
	Shouning	戳
	Zhouning	戳
	Fuding	操
Min Nan	Xiamen	姦
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	箍
	Quanzhou	使
	Jinjiang	使
	Nan'an	使
	Hui'an	使
	Anxi	使
	Yongchun	使
	Dehua	使
	Zhangzhou	姦, 躄
	Taipei	姦
	Kaohsiung	姦
	Yilan	姦
	Taichung	姦
	Tainan	姦
	Taitung	姦
	Penang (Hokkien)	姦
	Singapore (Hokkien)	姦, 使
	Manila (Hokkien)	使
	Chaozhou	甫
	Shantou	甫
	Shantou (Chenghai)	甫
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	甫
	Jieyang	甫
	Lufeng	甫
	Haifeng	甫
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	甫
	Singapore (Teochew)	甫
	Leizhou	肏₄
	Wenchang	肏₄
	Haikou	肏₄
Puxian Min	Putian	騷
Puxian Min	Xianyou	騷
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	屌
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	屌
Wu	Shanghai	戳
	Shanghai (Chongming)	戳
	Suzhou	戳
	Danyang	肏₅
	Ningbo	嬉
	Wenzhou	裝
	Jinhua	弄, 入
Xiang	Changsha	肏₃
	Loudi	肏₃
	Shuangfeng	肏₃

Compounds

Derived terms from 幹

三門幹部／三门干部
不幹／不干 (bùgàn)
主幹／主干 (zhǔgàn)
主幹家庭／主干家庭 (zhǔgàn jiātíng)
井幹／井干
交感幹／交感干 (jiāogǎngàn)
交感神經幹／交感神经干 (jiāogǎnshénjīnggàn)
儲備幹部／储备干部
充能幹／充能干
公幹／公干 (gōnggàn)
勾幹／勾干
單幹／单干
單幹戶／单干户
埋頭苦幹／埋头苦干 (máitóukǔgàn)
埋頭苦幹／埋头苦干 (máitóukǔgàn)
央浼營幹／央浼营干
夯幹／夯干
實幹／实干 (shígàn)
對著幹／对著干 (duìzhegàn)
幹上了／干上了
幹不了／干不了 (“cannot do it”)
幹不來／干不来 (“cannot do it”)
幹了／干了
幹事／干事 (gànshi, “secretary in charge”)
幹人／干人
幹什麼／干什么 (gàn shénme, “do what? why?”)
幹仗／干仗 (“to quarrel”)
幹勁／干劲 (gànjìn, “vigor”)
幹吏／干吏
幹員／干员 (gànyuán)
幹嗎／干吗 (gànmá, “why on earth”)
幹嘛／干嘛 (gànmá, “why on earth”)
幹家／干家 (“household manager”)
幹家做活／干家做活
幹家緣／干家缘
幹將／干将 (gànjiàng, “go-getter”)
幹得了／干得了
幹得來／干得来

幹得過兒／干得过儿 (“can be done”)
幹才／干才 (“ability”)
幹掉／干掉 (gàndiào, “to finish, to kill”)
幹架／干架 (gànjià, “to quarrel”)
幹校／干校 (“cadre school”)
幹活／干活 (gànhuó, “to work”)
幹流／干流 (gànliú, “trunk stream”)
幹渠／干渠 (“trunk canal”)
幹濟／干济
幹營生／干营生
幹父之蠱／干父之蛊
幹略／干略
幹當／干当
幹的停當／干的停当
幹細胞／干细胞 (gànxìbāo, “stem cell”)
幹線／干线 (gànxiàn, “main line”)
幹線公車／干线公车
幹練／干练 (gànliàn, “competent”)
幹缺／干缺
幹蠱／干蛊
幹警／干警 (gànjǐng, “cadre and police”)
幹路／干路 (gànlù, “main road”)
幹辦／干办
幹道／干道 (gàndào, “main road”)
幹部／干部 (gànbù, “cadre”)
幹部學校／干部学校 (“cadre school”)
幹頭／干头
幹頭兒／干头儿 (“worth”)
幹麼／干么 (gànmá)
府幹／府干
強幹／强干
強幹弱枝／强干弱枝
彊幹弱枝／强干弱枝
徐幹／徐干
才幹／才干 (cáigàn)
才能幹濟／才能干济
打幹／打干

材幹／材干 (cáigān)
枝幹／枝干 (zhīgàn)
楨幹／桢干
樹幹／树干 (shùgàn, “tree trunk”)
沒幹／没干
沒幹頭／没干头
沒梢幹／没梢干
洗手不幹／洗手不干
營幹／营干
盲幹／盲干 (mánggàn)
硬幹／硬干
管幹／管干
精幹／精干 (jīnggàn)
精明幹練／精明干练
精明強幹／精明强干
精明能幹／精明能干
總幹事／总干事 (zǒnggànshì)
能幹／能干 (nénggàn)
腦幹／脑干 (nǎogàn)
苦幹／苦干 (kǔgàn)
薄幹／薄干
蠻幹／蛮干 (mángàn)
詞幹／词干 (cígàn)
謀幹／谋干
貴幹／贵干 (guìgàn)
趲幹／趱干
軀幹／躯干 (qūgàn)
軀幹骨／躯干骨
配水幹管／配水干管
里幹事／里干事
韓幹／韩干
韓幹畫馬／韩干画马
領導幹部／领导干部
頭臂動脈幹／头臂动脉干 (tóubìdòngmàigàn)
頭臂幹／头臂干 (tóubìgàn)
骨幹／骨干 (gǔgàn)
高幹／高干 (gāogàn)

Descendants

→ Proto-Tai: *kaːnꟲ
- Lao: ກ້ານ (kān)
- Shan: ၵၢၼ်ႈ (kāan)
- Thai: ก้าน (gâan)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gān (gan¹)
(Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gān
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gan
  - Wade–Giles: kan¹
  - Yale: gān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
  - Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän⁵⁵/

Definitions

幹

just
calm
Alternative form of 干 (gān, “heavenly stem”).
dead

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hán (han²)
(Zhuyin): ㄏㄢˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hán
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hán
  - Wade–Giles: han²
  - Yale: hán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
  - Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xän³⁵/

Definitions

幹

Alternative form of 韓／韩 (hán, “fence around a well”).

References

“幹”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

幹

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
Kun: みき (miki, 幹, Jōyō); から (kara, 幹)

Etymology 1

幹 (miki): a tree trunk.

Kanji in this term
幹
みき Grade: 5
kun’yomi

Originally a compound of 身 (mi, “body”) +‎ 木 (ki, “tree”).[1][2][3]

First cited to a text from 1726.[1]

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) みき [míꜜkì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][4]
(Tokyo) みき [mìkí] (Heiban – [0])[4]
IPA^(key): [mʲikʲi]

Noun

幹(みき) • (miki)

[from 1726] the trunk or core of something:
1. a tree trunk
2. a plant stalk

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
幹
から Grade: 5
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 幹 – see the following entry.

【柄から】S

[counter] used to count items with shafts

[noun] the trunk or stem of a plant

[noun] the shaft of an arrow

[noun] the shaft, haft, or handle of a tool

[prefix] describes something with a stem, shaft, or handle

(This term, 幹, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
幹
かん Grade: 5
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 幹 (MC kɑn^H).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Affix

幹(かん) • (kan)

tree trunk; stem
main part; core
talent; capability

Derived terms

幹細胞(かんさいぼう) (kansaibō): stem cell
新幹線(しんかんせん) (shinkansen): bullet train
脳幹(のうかん) (nōkan): brain stem

References

1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

幹 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

幹: Hán Việt readings: can, cán, hàn
幹: Nôm readings: cán

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[DJR-2] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJS-3] 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN